IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF DISTRICT BOARDS OF EDUCATION IN A DECENTRALIZED ERA: A CASE STUDY OF FOUR DISTRICTS IN INDONESIA A project submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Moch. Abduh MS Ed. School of Management College of Business RMIT University May 2010 Declaration I declare: That, except where acknowledgement has been made, this exegesis is my own work. This exegesis has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award.
The content of the exegesis is the result of work that has been conducted since the official commencement of the research program. That any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party has been duly acknowledged. Abduh ii Acknowledgements I would like to praise ALLOH the Almighty for all his help on all of the process for completing this research. I pray for all of the people who supported this research for all their best from God.
Without the support of many, this research could not have been completed. I would like to express my great appreciation to both of my advisors, Dr. David Hodges and Dr. Bill Vistarini whose patience throughout this long process was necessary and appreciated, and for their enormous assistance and guidance during the completion of this research.
Their advice has stimulated me to improve my reading, thinking, and writing during this research. I also would like to convey my sincere appreciation to my co-supervisor, Prof. Slamet, PH, Ph.D, for his patience and great guidance and assistance in giving direction to my research and also helping put my thoughts into good writing. I should also mention my appreciation to Mr.
Robert Bain for his assistance in editing my research paper. I would also like to send my unlimited respect and gratitude to Indra Djati Sidi, Ph.D, a boss having high emotional intelligence, Prof. D, (Director General for the Management of Primary and Secondary Education, and Dr. Joko Sutrisno (Director of Development for Vocational Senior Secondary Education) for their strong support during my research and during my work at the office.
My high appreciation should go to my colleagues, Mr. Didik Suhardi and Mr. Agus Haryanto, for their esprit de corps. I would also give thanks to my best friend, Mr.
Oki Arisulistijanto, friends, and all respondents at provincial, district, and school levels -- so many people that I could not mention all their names here. I would like to convey my special indebtedness to my parents in heaven, my lovely wife – Lilik Fatchuriyah –, my children – Andra Miftah Ar Rahman & Sandrina Zahirul Ashilah –, and relatives, who consistently provided support, comfort, and inspiration so that I could finish my research. I should not forget to mention that it is iii only through the sacrifices of my wife and children for their time that has enabled me to complete my study in time. iv IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF DISTRICT BOARDS OF EDUCATION IN A DECENTRALIZED ERA: A CASE STUDY OF FOUR DISTRICTS IN INDONESIA Volume 1 The Exegesis v Table of Contents Title Page ….
iii Table of Contents …. vi Tables and Figures ….2 Decentralization in Indonesia ….3 The Objectives of The Research. 10 More Knowledgeable and Skilled Researcher …………. 14 Contribution to Knowledge ………….
14 Changes in Practice ………….6 Definitions of Significant Terms .7 The Parts of the Exegesis. 15 Chapter II METHODOLOGY AND METHODS ….3 Practitioners and the Politics of Research. 22 Data Types and Sources …………. 22 Methods of Data Collection ………….
23 Methods of Data Analysis …….…………… 31 Chapter III DISTRICT BOARDS OF EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF 32 EDUCATION DECENTRALIZATION ………………….1 What is Community Participation in Education? ……………….2 International Experience of Educational Governance …………. 38 History of Establishment ………………………. 38 Roles and Responsibility………………………………………. 40 Examples of Board Responsibilities….
43 Membership and Chairs …. 45 Remuneration and Budgets …. 50 Key Themes Emerging ……………………………………….3 Boards of Education in Indonesia ……………. 52 National Board of Education ………….…………… 53 Provincial Boards of Education ……………….……… 55 District Boards of Education ….………… 64 vi Chapter IV IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF DISTRICT BOARDS 67 OF EDUCATION ………………………………………………….1 Preliminary Observations about Boards of Education .2 Research into Current Status of District Board of Education … 69 Recruitment and Selection …….………………… 70 Roles Played District Boards of Education ….1 Case Study 1: Yogyakarta …………….2 Case Study 2: Lombok Tengah ……….3 Board of Education Workshop ……….………………… 84 Introducing New Practices …….4 Case Study 3: Bekasi ………… ……….5 Case Study 4: Tangerang …………….4 Follow up Discussion ……….5 Action Will Be Taken ……….……… 104 More Knowledgeable and Skilled Researcher.
106 Contributions to Professional and Scholarly Knowledge ……. 109 Changes in Practices …. 125 vii Tables and Figures Tables Title Page Table 1 The Development of Six Year Primary Education from 1968 6 to 1984 Table 2 The Development of GER and NER for Primary School 7 After the Declaration of Six-Year Basic Education Table 3 Data Types and Sources 23 Table 4 Project Timelines 30 Table 5 The Progress of The Establishment of Provincial Boards 55 of Education Table 6 The Progress Towards The Establishment of District 63 Boards Of Education Table 7 Performance of The District Board of Education 72 as an Advisor, Supporter, Controller, and Mediator Table 8 Education Profile of Yogyakarta 75 Table 9 Education Profile of Lombok Tengah 79 Table 10 Matrix of Problems Raised by Workshop Participants 88 With Regard to the Implementation of District Board of Education Table 11 Changes or New Practices of District Board of Education 89 Table 12 Education Profile in Bekasi District 91 Table 13 Education Profile in Tangerang District 98 Figures Title Page Figure 1 RMIT Research by Project Program 12 Figure 2 The Hybrid Curriculum of The Professional Doctorate 13 Figure 3 The Main Administrative Bodies and Power 45 Figure 4 The List of Educational Administration Bodies and 46 Powers Figure 5 Yogyakarta District Board of Education 74 Figure 6 Lombok Tengah District Board of Education 84 Figure 7 Bekasi District Board of Education 96 Figure 8 Organizational Structure of Tangerang District Education and 98 Culture Office Figure 9 Tangerang District Board of Education 100 viii Glossary A Aceh = Previous name of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province ADB = Asian Development Bank APK (Angka Partisipasi Kasar) = Gross Enrollment Rate APM (Angka Partisipasi Murni) = Net Enrollment Rate APBN (Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja = Central Government Budget Negara) APBD (Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja = Local Government Budget Daerah) AusAID = Australian Agency for International Development B Badan Pusat Statistik = Central Bureau of Statistic Baduy = Indonesian ethnic group Bali = Indonesian province Bandung = The capital city of Jawa Barat Province Banten = Indonesian province Bekasi = Indonesian district Bengkulu = Indonesian province Bhinneka Tunggal Ika = Unity in Diversity BOCES = Board of Cooperative Education Services Bogor = Indonesian district BP3 (Badan Penyelenggara Pendidikan) = Parent and Teacher Association BPS (Biro Pusat Statistik) = Statistical Centre Bureau Bupati = Mayor C Cikarang = The capital city of Bekasi District D Daerah Istimewa = Special Territory Dayak Punan = Indonesian ethnic group DBEP = Decentralized Basic Education Project DEO District Education Office DEC = District Education Council Departemen Pendidikan Nasional = Ministry of National Education Dewan Pendidikan Kabupaten/Kota = District Boards of Education DGMPSE = Directorate General for Management of Primary and Secondary Education Donggala = Indonesian district Drop Out Rate = Percentage of students who discontinue their study for the next level F FGD = Focus group discussion ix G GER = Gross Enrolment Rate Golkar (Golongan Karya) = Indonesian political party Gorontalo = Indonesian province GRAHA LIDI (Gerakan Peduli Pendidikan) = Education Concerning Movement H Habibie = Third President of Indonesia HDI = Human Development Index I IMF = International Monetary Fund Ing Ngarso Sung Tulodho, Ing Madya = MONE’s motto (Becoming Role Model, Mangun Karso, Tut Wury Handayani Giving Motivation, and Encouraging). Irian Jaya = Indonesian province Irian Jaya Barat = Indonesian province J Jakarta = The capital city of Indonesia Jaman Penjajahan = Colonial Era Jambi = Indonesian province Javanese = Indonesian ethnic group Jawa Barat = Indonesian province Jawa Tengah = Indonesian province JICA = Japan International Cooperation Agency K Kalimantan Selatan = Indonesian province Kecamatan = Sub-district Keluarga Berencana = Family Planning Kepulauan Bangka Belitung = Indonesian province Kepulauan Riau = Indonesian province L Lampung = Indonesian province Lidi = A broom made of such splintered ribs Lombok = Indonesian islands M Maduranese = Indonesian ethnic group Maluku Utara = Indonesian province Mataram = Indonesian district MDG = Millennium Development Goals MPR (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat) = People’s Consultative Assembly Mojokerto = Indonesian district MONE = Ministry of National Education N Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam = Indonesian province NER = Net Enrolment Rate NGO = Non Government Organization Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat = Name of Yogyakarta Sultanate x Nusa Tenggara Barat = Indonesian province Nusa Tenggara Timur = Indonesian province O Orde Baru = New Order Orde Lama = Old Order Orde Reformasi = Reformation Order P Pancasila = Five principles/foundations of Indonesia Pandeglang = Indonesian district PDI (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia) = Indonesian political party Pendapatan Asli Daerah = Local Genuine Income Pendapatan Per Kapita = Per Capita Income Peraturan Daerah = Government Regulations PGRI (Persatuan Guru Republik Indonesia) = Indonesian Teacher Asscociation POMG (Persatuan Orangtua Murid dan = Parent and Teacher Association Guru) PPP (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan) = Indonesian political party Praya = The capital city of Lombok Tengah district Program Bapak Angkat = Foster Daddy Program PSSC = Parent School Support Committees Pusat Penilaian Pendidikan = Centre of Education Assessment R RAPBS (Rencana Anggaran Pendapatan = School Budget Plan dan Belanja Sekolah) REDIP = Regional Education Development Improvement Project Rencana Strategis = Strategic Planning Repetition Rate = Percentage of students who still stay at the same grade Riau = Indonesian province RMIT University = Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University Rupiah = Indonesian currency S SD Inpres = Primary Schools were built by President Instruction SD (Sekolah Dasar) = Primary School Sekolah Dasar Bumiputera = Primary School for the natives Sekolah Dasar Kelas Pertama = First class Primary School Sekolah Dasar Kelas Kedua = Second class Primary School Selamat Datang = Welcome SMA (Sekolah Menengah Atas) = General Senior Secondary School SMK (Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan) = Vocational Senior Secondary School SMP (Sekolah Menengah Pertama) = Junior Secondary School Soeharto = Second President of Indonesia Soekarno = First President of Indonesia SR (Sekolah Rakyat) = People School Sulawesi = Indonesian islands Sulawesi Barat = Indonesian province Sulawesi Selatan = Indonesian province xi Sulawesi Tenggara = Indonesian province Sultan = Leader of a Sultanate (eg.
Yogyakarta) Sumatera Selatan = Indonesian province Sumatera Utara = Indonesian province Sundanese = Indonesian ethnic group T Tangerang = Indonesian district Tasikmalaya = Indonesian district Tigaraksa = The capital city of Tangerang District Transition Rate = Percentage of students who attend to the next level U UNICEF = United Nations Children Fund UNESCO = United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UNDP = United Nations Development Program UUD 1945 (Undang-undang Dasar 1945) = Basic Fundamental Law of Indonesia V VIP = Very Important Person W Walikota = Mayor Wonogiri = Indonesian district Y Yogyakarta = Indonesian district For the location of provinces, districts, and cities referred to in this exegesis, please see the map (Figure 3. xii Abstract In mid 1997, Indonesia was seriously affected by the Asian economic crisis. This quickly spread into monetary, political, and social crises. Following a new presidential appointment, pressures and demands from the grass-roots to reform government systems become stronger and more persistent.
Several provinces, particularly those having rich natural resources, pressed for greater autonomy. They felt that their natural resources were being taken by the central government but only a small part came back to them. If the central government did not respond to their pressures and demands, they threatened to proclaim independence from Indonesia.