MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY LÊ BÍCH NGỌC LEXICAL-MODAL MARKERS IN DECLINING INVITATIONS MASTER THESIS IN ENGLISH Binh Dinh – 2019 e MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY LÊ BÍCH NGỌC LEXICAL-MODAL MARKERS IN DECLINING INVITATIONS Field: The English Language Code: 8 22 02 01 Supervisor: Dr. Trƣơng Văn Định e BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN LÊ BÍCH NGỌC DẤU HIỆU TỪ VỰNG TÌNH THÁI TRONG PHÁT NGÔN TỪ CHỐI LỜI MỜI Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 82 202 01 Ngƣời hƣớng dẫn: TS. Trƣơng Văn Định e I STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that the master thesis entitled: "Lexical-modal markers in declining invitations" is the result of my own research. The thesis contains no document previously published or written by others except where the reference is made in the thesis.
The thesis has not been submitted for any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. Binh Dinh, July 2019 Author‟s signature Lê Bích Ngọc e II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not have been completed if I did not have a support of many different individuals. First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Trương Văn Định for his enthusiasm, patience, motivation and friendliness.
In the process of conducting this thesis, he helps me to shape the study and always give me valuable advice. I am also grateful to all teachers in English master course. They gave me a lot of useful knowledge and comments as well as valuable documents, which help me much in completing this paper. Last but not least, I would like to send my thanks towards my family and my friends who always encouraged, supported and helped me to complete this thesis.
e III ABSTRACT This research aims to investigate the forms of utterances of invitation refusals and lexical-modal markers showing politeness in declining invitations in English and Vietnamese and to find out the similarities and differences between two languages. The data were collected from two movie series, American movie series “Sabrina, the teenage witch” and Vietnamese movie series “Gia đình phép thuật”. This study is carried out on the basis framework of Brown & Levinson‟s politeness theory (1987). In the light of politeness, the lexical-modal markers and linguistic forms of politeness in declining invitations are presented in the study.
The collected data was studied and classify into forms of utterances of invitation refusals and types of lexical- modal markers that are used in declining invitations. The results indicate that the frequency in using forms of utterances of invitation refusals and different types of lexical-modal markers in two languages. The thesis also discusses similarities and differences in the use of types of lexical-modal markers between two languages. e IV TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP.
III TABLE OF CONTENTS. IV LIST OF TABLES. IX LIST OF FIGUIRES. XI CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.
Aims and objectives. Aims of the study. Objectives of the study. Significance of the study.
Scope of the study. Organization of the thesis. 5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. The notion of Modality.
Types of Modality. Modal linguistic devices in English. Modal linguistic devices in Vietnamese. Speech act theory.
Definition of speech acts. Classification of speech acts. The speech act of inviting and refusal .2 The speech act of refusal. Direct and Indirect speech acts.
Definition of politeness. Positive politeness and negative politeness. Lakoff‟s rules of politeness. Leech‟s politeness principles.
Brown and Levinson‟s politeness strategies. Lexical-modal markers in declining invitations in English and Vietnamese. No use modality markers .1 English Address terms .2 Vietnamese address terms. 47 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE .5 Validity and reliability.
53 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. Forms of utterances of invitation refusals in American movie series and Vietnamese movie series. Forms of utterances of invitation refusals in American movie series. Directness in declining invitations in American movie series.
Indirectness in declining invitations in American movie series. Forms of utterances of invitation refusals in Vietnamese movie series. Directness in declining invitations in Vietnamese movie series. Indirectness in declining invitations in Vietnamese movie series.
Similarities and Differences of forms of utterances of invitation refusals in American movie series and Vietnamese movie series. Lexical-modal markers in declining invitations in American movie series and Vietnamese movie series. Lexical-modal markers in declining invitations in American movie series. Address terms in declining invitations in American movie series.
Lexical-modal markers in declining invitations in Vietnamese movie series. Address terms in declining invitations in Vietnamese movie series. Similarities and Differences of lexical-modal markers in declining invitations in American movie series and Vietnamese movie series. Similarities and Differences of address terms in declining invitations in American movie series and Vietnamese movie series.
Summary of the forms of utterances in invitation refusals in American movie series and Vietnamese movie series. Summary of the use of lexical-modal markers in declining invitations in American movie series "Sabrina, the teenager witch". Summary of the use of lexical-modal markers in declining invitations in Vietnamese movie series “Gia đình phép thuật”. Summary of the comparison between the use of lexical- modal markers in American movie series and Vietnamese movie series.
Limitations of the study. Suggestions for further research. i e IX LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page number Number 2.1 Types of modality by Von Wright (1952) 9 2.2 Types of communicative illocutionary acts 15 2.3 English pronounces are used in communication 43 2.4 English kinship terms 44 2.5 Vietnamese pronounces are used in communication 46 2.6 Vietnamese kinship terms are used in communication 47 4.1 The overall distribution of directness and indirectness in 55 declining invitations in American movie series 4.2 The overall distribution of directness and indirectness in 58 declining invitations in Vietnamese movie series 4.3 The overall distribution of kinds of lexical-modal markers 61 in declining invitations in American movie series 4.4 The overall distribution of address terms in declining 62 invitations in American movie series 4.5 The overall distribution of kinds of lexical-modal markers 65 in declining invitations in Vietnamese movie series 4.6 The overall distribution of address terms in declining 66 invitations in Vietnamese movie series 4.7 The overall distribution of kinds of lexical-modal markers 71 by American Female characters and Vietnamese Female characters e X 4.8 The overall distribution of kinds of lexical-modal markers 73 by American Male characters and Vietnamese Male characters 4.9 The overall distribution of address terms by American 76 Female characters and Vietnamese Female characters e XI LIST OF FIGUIRES Figure Title Page Number number 2.1 These rules of Lakoff‟s pragmatic competence are 23 represented schematically in the diagram below by Watts (2003).2 Brown and Levinson‟s framework of politeness strategies 27 4.1 Frequencies of types of lexical-modal markers in 72 declining invitations used by American Female characters and Vietnamese Female characters 4.2 Frequencies of types of lexical-modal markers in 74 declining invitations used by American Male characters and Vietnamese Male characters 4.3 Frequencies of address terms in declining invitations by 77 American Female characters and Vietnamese Female characters 4.4 Frequencies of address terms in declining invitations by 78 American Male characters and Vietnamese Male characters e 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale In our life, language is the most important way to communicate. How to communicate effectively is still a problem that needs further discussion.
In communication, people not only transmit information, but also express attitude towards information and Linguists call these elements are modality. Thus, modality is considered as a means to express speaker‟s or a writer‟s attitude towards the world. A speaker or writer can express their certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity and ability by using modal words and expressions. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, politeness received such a great attention that it became one of the most popular areas in pragmatics, in human communication, with the main purpose of showing good manners toward others in behavior or speech.
It is also one of the attributes of discourse, an objective reality in verbal communication. Politeness is considered as a study of interactional ways to show the awareness of another person's face through which maintain public order, and to promote social interaction. Watts (2003) defined linguistic politeness as “an abstract term referring to a wide variety of social strategies for constructing and reproducing cooperative social interaction across cultures”. According to Nguyễn Quang (2004), “any kind of communicative act (verbal or nonverbal or both) that is intentionally and appropriately meant to make another person/ other people feel better or less bad”.
Related to studies of politeness, many linguists such as Lakoff (1975), Leech (1983), and Brown and Levinson (1987), have paid more attention to studying and giving views e 2 through which raise the practical issues in communication to the theory of politeness. The use of politeness strategies and lexical-modal markers are the display of communication. In cross-cultural communication, full understanding of the manifestation of politeness through lexical-modal markers are extremely important. It is one of factors that helps avoid cultural shock and communication breakdown.
Although modality is an extremely important element, the researcher realizes that it has not received much attention in teaching and learning English. It is only mentioned in grammatical category with modal auxiliaries. Therefore, in cases where it requires translation or good communication from sensitive situations and utterances, the learner only apply methods so-called safe, since they are not sure whether they understand the whole meaning of Modality in utterances and then, they can not accurately express the Speaker's intention. Inspired by the way people communicate with each other in daily, the researcher decides to study how to be polite and rude.
In addition, the researcher realizes that the boundary between being polite and rude is very fragile. Thus, we should pay more attention to know all good ways to communicate. In the light of politeness, for those above reason, this research is carried out in the area of lexical-modal markers to find out the effective ways to decline invitations politely and to soften the damage and to compensate the inviter. The findings from this study will be useful for people to have a good ability to use language effectively, especially for those who are learning English and working with foreign partners to avoid the feeling of anxiety and to improve communication skills when operating with people in a different culture.
Aims and objectives 1. Aims of the study The study aims to investigate lexical-modal markers and forms of utterances showing politeness in the invitation refusals. Objectives of the study The objectives of the study are: - To find out what forms of utterances of invitation refusals in American movie series and Vietnamese movie series. - To find out what lexical-modal markers are used in invitation refusals in American movie series and Vietnamese movie series.
What forms of utterances of invitation refusals are used in American movie series and Vietnamese movie series? - 2. What are lexical-modal markers used in declining invitations in American movie series and Vietnamese movie series? 1. Significance of the study Theoretically, the study contributes to the study of many different aspects of a speech act in the light of pragmatics and arouses general interest in the study of speech acts. Practically, the findings of the study will provide a better comprehension for them in using modality markers to express politeness, especially in declining invitations to maximize the effectiveness in communication and avoid cultural shock.
Furthermore, it also helps to develop the ability to evaluate, organize information and necessary skills to communicate also increase their e 4 awareness about the target language, as the cultural connotations of words and phrases in the target language to be politeness.