UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS FACULTY OF FINANCE - BANKING GRADUATION THESIS FACTORS AFFECTING INCOME DIVERSIFICATION OF COMMERCIAL BANKS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM Ha Noi - May 2023 UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS FACULTY OF FINANCE - BANKING GRADUATION THESIS FACTORS AFFECTING INCOME DIVERSIFICATION OF COMMERCIAL BANKS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM Ha Noi - May 2023 DECLARATION I, the author, declare that this graduation thesis titled “Factors affecting income diversification of commercial banks: empirical evidence from Vietnam” is my independent research work under direct guidance of PhD. Lưu Ngọc Hiệp of the Faculty of Finance - Banking, belongs to the University of Economics and Business. The data and information in this study are truthful and the research results have never been published in any other work other than this study. All the references used in this study are fully cited and listed in the references list.
Ha Noi - May 10%, 2023 Student Nguyễn Thị Thúy Hiền TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DECLARATION oo. i TABLE OF CONTENTS <12254.ÔÔ ii LIST OF ABBREVIATION .essssssssssssssssesssesssssessssssesesssseesssssessssseseessseeessnseeessnseesssnensssseesssnneesssnneessanneeeen iii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES .scsesssstessssssssssstesessseesesssteseesueeceesseeeessneeeenseeeesuueeessaueesesaeessnneessaneeeed iv STUDY ABSTRACT occ eeesssssssssssssssseesesssseesssnseesssssesesssseesssseeesssseesessseesssseeeessneessnseeesanseesssnseeesanieesssnessensneeeey V CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTTION.- 5< 55S+cS+rrtEEEitEErirEEEiiiriiiirriiiirirrrrrirrrrii 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Income structure of commercial bannKS. Definition of bank income diversification 2.
Income diversification and bank financial performance. Bank income diversification - a review of relevant literature .s 5 CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODOLOGY. Research model specifications 0. Measure bank income diversification.
Other Control Variables. Cash to total aS @ẲS. c- ch HH HH1 rrrrrrrree 12 3. Return On aSS©fS.HHHH HH HH.
Gross COMESTIC DFOUCE. ch HH HH HH.c«cHHHn HH HH HH HH11. Data and Sample OV€TVÏ@W.+xrrHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HH Hee 16 CHAPTER 4: STUDY RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Main results hố.
General discussion and practical CXAMPIES .---«-cxxeexxerrrrtrrrtrrirkrrirrrrrrrrrrree 26 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION. HH HH rh 31 REFERENCES. HH HH HH HH HH HH He 33 il LIST OF ABBREVIATION Abbreviation Full meaning ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BIDV Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam CPI Consumer price index Et al. And others FEM Fixed effects model GDP Gross domestic product LienVietBank | Lien Viet Post Joint Stock Commercial Bank MBBank Military Commercial Joint Stock Bank MSB Vietnam Maritime Commercial Joint Stock Bank OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OLS Ordinary least square REM Random effects model ROA Return on assets ROE Return on equity Sacombank Saigon Thuong Tin Commercial Joint Stock Bank SCB Sai Gon Joint Stock Commercial Bank Techcombank | Vietnam Technological and Commercial Joint Stock Bank VIB Vietnam International Commercial Joint Stock Bank Vietcombank | Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Foreign Trade of Vietnam VietinBank Vietnam Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Industry and Trade VIF Variance inflation factors VPBank Vietnam Prosperity Joint Stock Commercial Bank % Percent iil LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES List of tables Table number Table name Page 3.3 OLS regression model results 21 4.4 Fixed OLS regression model results 22 4.5 FEM and REM model results 25 List of figures Figure number Figure name Page 4.1 Top banks with highest total assets in Vietnam 27 from 31/12/2020 to 30/09/2021 iv STUDY ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of some main influence factors on the income diversification strategy in commercial banks in Vietnam.
We use regression methods with a dataset consisting of data from 27 Vietnamese commercial banks in the period of 2007 to 2021. Overall, this study has found that total assets, cash size, return on assets and population have positive effects on banking income diversification while gross domestic product and inflation negatively affects banking income diversification; the other factors such as deposit size and equity size have no significant effect on income diversification of Vietnamese commercial banks. Furthermore, the study points out that even though total assets is one of the determining factors for banking income diversification, private commercial banks tend to be more active in non-banking sectors compared to State-owned commercial banks. In addition, the study results imply that a stable macroeconomic environment with lower inflation rate and an ideal population are good conditions to promote the income diversification of Vietnamese commercial banks.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Commercial banks are important financial institutions, places where people can trust and deposit their money in. By performing the main activities of a commercial bank which are taking deposits, providing credits to customers and acting as a payment intermediary; benefit for both bank and customers as their property value is increasing. Operation of commercial banks contributes to promoting stable economic development, which is very important in every country. Along with the economic development, advanced technology and competitive market, commercial banks are no longer focused on their main source of interest income from traditional banking activities, as they are forced to engage more in non-traditional banking activities that generate non-interest income and diversify their income portfolio.
Income diversification in banking has become a trend as commercial banks are becoming more actively operating in various non-traditional banking sectors. This trend benefits the banking industry as not only banks can compete in the context of a developed market but also increase their income and bring alternative sources of income for banks. The benefits of income diversification can be clearly seen after the outbreaks of Covid-19 in the recent years since 2019 to 2022, traditional banking activities have almost stalled in the situation ofsocial distancing; however, as we have seen, by shifting operations to non- traditional banking, most commercial banks over the world has improve their overall return and maintain stable banking operations during this period. In Vietnam, the income diversification trend in commercial banks has appeared over the years and it is inevitable in the context of market integration and competition.
According to Le and others (et al.) (2022)’s research, the percentage of non-interest incomes in total incomes of commercial banks is increasing but at a slow growth rate and has not reached the objectives set out in the Vietnam Banking Development Strategy to 20251. In order to find solutions for some difficulties in banking income diversification, it is to find out the causes or factors that have impacts on income diversification of commercial banks. A lot of research has been conducted showing that each bank has a different level of income diversification depending on many potential macroeconomic and internal factors. Da dạng hóa thu nhập và rủi ro nợ ngân hàng: Nghiên cứu trước và trong bối cảnh COVID-19 tại Việt Nam.
Tạp chí Thị trường Tài chính Tiền tệ, 8, https://thitruongtaichinhtiente.vn/da-dang- hoa-thu-nhap-va-rui-ro-no-ngan-hang-nghien-cuu-truoc-va-trong-boi-canh-covid-19-tai-viet-nam- 42798.html Noticing the important of income diversify on banking industry and the need for Vietnamese commercial banks to achieve the goal of income diversification, with the purpose of finding out the impacts of factors on the income diversification of Vietnamese commercial banks; the author conduct this study on the topic of: “Factors affecting income diversification of commercial banks: empirical evidence from Vietnam”. Specifically, the purpose of this study is to evaluate how several influencing factors, including macroeconomic factors and internal banking factors may affect income diversification of Vietnamese commercial banks. In order to do this research, the author collects secondary data and information from trusted online websites, news, reports, research works, financial statements of Vietnamese commercial banks and other cited references; using data and information to reinforce the theory of the study. In addition to that, the author applies regression model method using a processed database consisting of observational samples collected from 27 commercial banks in Vietnam in the period from 2007 to 2021 in order to further explain the relationship between the main research factors and the income diversification of Vietnamese commercial banks.
The structure of this study consist of 5 main chapters, in which the first chapter is an introduction to the subjects that will be discussed in this study, chapter 2 focuses on the theoretical basis of the subject and literature review, chapter 3 describes the data and methodology for the research, chapter 4 is the discussion on the study results and the final chapter is an overall conclusion along with the suggestion of additional solutions. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Income structure of commercial banks A commercial bank is a financial institution whose main roles are: a credit intermediary, a payment intermediary and a money generator. Most basics and main activities of a commercial bank are: accepting deposits, providing loans and credit, providing payment accounts for customers, safekeeping, payment and remittance activities.
Other than that, commercial banks could engage in many activities that bring them income and profit. Commercial bank’s income can be interpreted as any items or values that can be exchanged or converted into monetary value that the bank earns from any business operation or service provision; profit is a component of income, equal to the total income minus any costs and expenses associated with the operations or activities that generate incomes. The income of a commercial bank is made up of two main components that are interest income and non-interest income. Interest income is the basic and main source of income for commercial banks, usually it accounts for more than 50 percent (%) of a bank’s net total operating income.
Interest income is generated from the most important and the primary activities of a commercial bank that are credit activities, which are also classified as traditional banking activities. As a credit intermediary, a commercial bank receives funds (accepts deposits) from people who have a surplus of funds and provides it for people who are in need of funds (by providing loans or credits). By accepting deposits at a borrowing rate and providing loans at a higher lending rate, banks earn profit from interest difference, which is called the income from interest. Non-interest income comes from various non-credit related or non-traditional banking activities of commercial banks.
Non-interest income accounts for over 40% of operating income of commercial banks in the United States according to DeYoung and Rice (2004), previous researchs and surveys also showed that non-interest income usually accounts for a high percentage in total operating income in countries with developed financial. Base on a commercial bank’s income statement, these following items are classified as non-interest income: net gain from services or service charges and fee income (examples: bank’s fees and charges made to customers for products and services provision such as transaction fees, monthly charges for account provision, online banking or SMS banking service fee), net gain from gold and foreign currency trading, net gain from trading securities and investment securities (examples: corporate bonds and stocks, government bonds) and net gain from other activities such as other investments, collaborations, cross-selling of various products. Definition of bank income diversification Zhou (2014) defines bank income diversification as the relative proportions of interest income and non-interest income, which only the proportion of non-interest income is used to measure the level of diversification. Commercial banks diversify their income by having more sources of non-interest income or by increasing the percentage of non-interest income to a reasonable extent in their net total operating income.
Gurbuz et al. (2013) suggest that a complete diversification of income for banks is when the proportions of interest income and non-interest income are equal and both accounts for 50% of the bank’s net total income, as interest income is the main source of income for commercial banks and usually should accounts for at least 50% of net total income. Andrzejuk (2017) points out that income diversification does not mean that the bank should only focus on generating non-interest income and that both interest income and non-interest income should be properly distributed in order to raise profits and help banks operate efficiently. From the above references, the author generally defines income diversification in banking as the bank’s increasing operations in non-traditional banking activities and the increase in bank’s non-interest income to total operating income ratio; without affecting the bank's reputation or reducing the quality of traditional banking operations.