THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY LUONG TAI CHIEN Topic title: BIOACTIVE PEPTIDES DISCOVERY FROM SPIRULINA: CLASSIFICATION OF COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE PEPTIDES BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Biotechnology Faculty : Biotechnology and Food Technology Batch : 2013 – 2017 Thai Nguyen, 6/2017 c THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY LUONG TAI CHIEN Topic title: BIOACTIVE PEPTIDES DISCOVERY FROM SPIRULINA: CLASSIFICATION OF COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE PEPTIDES BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Biotechnology Faculty :Biotechnology and Food Technology Batch : 2013 – 2017 Supervisors :Asst. Marasri Ruengjitchatchawalya Dr. Duong Van Cuong Supervisors 1 Supervisor 2 Asst. Marasri Ruengjitchatchawalya Dr.
Duong Van Cuong Thai Nguyen, 6/2017 c DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Major Biotechnology Student name Luong Tai Chien Student ID DTN1353150004 Bioactive peptides discovery from Spirulina: Classification Thesis title of common characteristics of antihypertensive peptides Asst. Marasri Ruengjitchatchawalya Supervisors Dr. Duong Van Cuong Abstract: Arthrospira (Spirulina)platensisis a spiral filamentous cyanobacteriumcontaining high protein content about 55-70%as dry weight. The alga has been used as human food- and animal feed supplements.Attempt to discover bioactive peptides from A.
platensis, Algal Biotechnology research group at King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Thailand,have investigated an in-silico digestion of the algal proteome and classified the obtained peptides regarding their bioactivities. In this report, hands-on experience about the algal, A. platensisC1, cultivation; cell harvesting, as well as protein extraction/ separation and a bioactivity assay, anti- hypertensive activity (AH) of some obtained peptides has been described. In addition, using a computational tool, Clustal Omega, to determine common characteristics of the putative anti-hypertensive peptides showed that 10 common amino acidgroups were classified, including 4 major groups of G, P, Y and L.
The reference Novel AH peptidewas in thegroup Y with the common amino acids―YY‖. Besides, these peptides were mostly contained both aliphatic and aromatic amino acid (A, G, I, L, P, V, F, W, Y) and also hydrophobic amino acid residue (A, I, L, F, V, P, G). Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis C1, Bioactive peptides, Keywords common characteristics. Number of pages 37 i c ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis was completed by the support and assistance of a number of people whom I would like to personally thank.
First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to the both my supervisors Asst. Marasri Ruengjitchatchawalya of the school of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Thailand and Dr. Duong Van Cuong from the biotechnology and food technology department of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF). Whose expertise and understanding guided me through my internship, providing useful advice for the improvement of this work.
Some special thanks also to my lab facilitator, PhD.Candidate,Miss Krittima Anekthanakul, for sharing her knowledge, formaking experiments look amusing. Big thanks also go to every people on Algal Biotechnology Laboratory (AGB research group) and Bioinformatics and Systems Biology (BIF) Program at KMUTT for helping me fit in and feel welcome from the moment and for the unlimited patience to explain me every doubt I had during my internship.I would also like to acknowledge my teachers at TUAF, Dr. Duong Van Cuong, MSc. Trinh Thi Chung, Dr.
Nguyen Xuan Vu and MSc. Duong Manh Cuong that contributed to making this work and had an enjoyable and fulfilling experience. Many thank you and best regards Student Luong Tai Chien ii c CONTENTS PART I.1 Background and motivation .2 Morphology of Arthrospira .4 The life cycle of Arthrospira (Spirulina) .2 Bioactive peptides of A. Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory activity.4 Antidiabetes and Antiobesity.3 Computational Tool: Clustal Omega .3 Scope of work.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Equipment and Materials .1 Types of equipment. platensis C1 using Zarrouk’s medium [62]. platensis C1 by membranes filtration.
Protein extraction from A. Protein precipitation from A. platensis C1 by acetone precipitation. Quantitative protein of A.
platensis C1 by 2-D Quant kit. Protein separation from A. platensis C1 by Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In silico digestion tools.
ACE inhibition assay at Institute of Rangsit University. Common characteristics of antihypertensive peptides using Clustal Omega. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS. Culture and cell growth of A.
Cell harvesting of A. Protein extraction of A. Protein precipitation from crude extract solution of A. Protein quantification of A.
platensis C1 by 2D-Quant kit. Protein separation from the crude extract of A.7 Common characteristics of antihypertensive peptides from A. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 38 iv c LIST OF TABLE Table 1.1 Amino acid profile of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis [60].2 Genome statistics of A.3 Examples of bioactive peptides from Arthrospira (Spirulina) [38].1 The equipment using for study.2 The materials using for study .3 Constituents of Zarrouk’s medium .4 preparation of the standard curve.1 The OD480 value of standard protein (BSA)and protein .2 Classification of common amino acid of candidate antihypertensive peptides, discovered from A.3 Characteristics of Novel AHP based on ExactAHP_284 and ExactAHP_460 sequences.4 Amount and percentage of 7 functional amino acid groups of antihypertensive peptides from A.5 Number of amino acids found in Exactly_AHP of A.6 Functional amino acid pattern of Exactly_AHP of A.
35 v c LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1. platensisusing a cladistic approach [63].2 Morphological aspects of the evident cross-wall in Arthrospira isolated from soda Lake Kailala (Chad).3 Clonal trichomes of Arthrospira indicate isolated from Lake Lonar. Arrows indicate the presence of a calyptra. Bar marker = 20 mm [7].4 Viewed under a microscope, cells within A.
platensis trichomes are short and wide and have visible cross-walls [63].5 Life cycle of A.6 Antihypertension mechanisms of marine algae-derived bioactive peptides that ACE and renin inhibitions are involved [22].7 Screenshot of the Clustal Omega Web page on the EBI Web site: .8 Schematic flow work in this report (blue boxes ); yellow boxes, done by Anekthanakul [61].1 Process of cell A. platensis culture in Zarrouk’s medium.2 Process of harvesting cell A. platensis C1 by membrane filtration.3 Process of protein extraction from A.4 Process of protein precipitation from A.5 Process of quantitative protein of A.6 Process of the separation protein of A.7 Process of the in silico digestion and potential .8 Process of Antihypertension bioactivity testing .9 The Process of discovery for common characteristics of Novel AH peptide of A. platensis C1 by Clustal Omega program.
platensis C1 grown culture in Zarrouk’s medium at35oC, 120 rpm under light illumination of 100 µE/m2/s. Grown cells (day, OD560): (A) day 0, 0,1; (B) day 3, 0,742; (C) day 5, 1,463; and (D) day 7, 1,307.2 Growth curve of A. platensis C1 cultured in Zarrouk’s medium at 35oC, 120 rpm under light illumination of 100 µE/m2/s. platensis C1 cells by membranes filtration, (A) preparation of membranes on the filtration set, (B) adding about 250ml cell of A.
platensis C1, (C) harvested cells of A. platensis C1 on the membrane before keeping them at -30oC.4 Protein extraction of A. platensis C1 cells, (A) after sonicating, (B) after added dissolve buffer.5 Precipitation of crude protein extracted from A. platensis C1: (A) precipitated protein after first centrifugation, (B) after precipitation eight times.6 Standard curve of protein standard (BSA) determined by the 2D-Quant kit method.7 Protein separation of samples (1 & 2) from A.
platensis C1 analyzed by 12% SDS-PAGE; (M), Markers.8 Common amino acid sequence of candidate antihypertensive peptideswith Novel AHP .9 Percentage of 7 functional groups in the amino acid antihypertensive peptide sequences of A. 35 vii c LIST OF ABBREVIATION ACE :Angiotensin Converting Enzyme. HA : Hippuric acid. AHP : Antihypertensive peptides BCG-cell : Bacillus Calmette–Guérin-cell BSA : Bovine Serum Albumin.
DS : Dissolve EPO :Erythropoietin ERK : Extracellular-signal Regulated Kinase HBP :High Blood Pressure HHL : Hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine. HPLC : High-performance liquid chromatography IC50 :Half maximal Inhibitory Concentration iNOS : Inhibits Nitric Oxide Synthase. kD : Kilodalton LPS :Lipopolysaccharide MAPK : Mitogen-degradation Protein Kinase MSAs : Multiple Sequence Alignments M : Markers NF-kB : Nuclear Factor-kB OD :Optical Density PHB :Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate RAS :Renin–Angiotensin System SDS-PAGE : Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate – Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. WHO :World Health Organization viii c PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background and motivation 1.However, no report until it was rediscovered by the Belgian botanist, J.Itis a structured spiral cyanobacteriumbelonging to the group of blue-greenalgae.
The well-known species areA. platensisand Spirulina maxima (S. The algae have the ability to perform photosynthesis like higher plants, they are found in several environments, including freshwater, seawater and highly alkaline environment particularly in tropical countries[3]. The algaecontain very high protein content about 55%-70% (dry weight)which is higher than fish and beef proteins about 3-4 times[49,60], essential fatty acids (18% of total fatty acid) includesγ-Linolenic acid (GLA), vitamin B12, nucleic acid, minerals such as iron; calcium;and phosphorus,and pigments such as carotenes and chlorophyll.Inside, C-phycocyanin was mostly found as a major part in the algal proteins, which has full of all amino acids(Table 1.It alsowas appliedin the food processing functions for human foods and animalfeeds[2].1Amino acid profile of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis [60].
Amino acid Content (g per 100 g protein) Lie 6.8 Val 7,1 Lys 4,8 Phe 5,3 Tyr 5,3 Met 2,5 Cys 0,9 Try 0,3 Thr 6,2 Ala 9,5 Arg 7,3 Asp 11,8 Glu 10,3 Gly 5,7 His 2,2 Pro 4,2 Ser 5,1 1 c 1.1 Classification Classification of A. platensisusing a cladistic approach as shown in Fig 1. Domain: Prokaryota Kingdom: Monera This kingdom includes complex and diverse bacteria. They lack a nuclear membrane and go through cell division via binary fission.
Phylum: Cyanobacteria This phylum includes photoautotrophic bacteria that utilize photosynthesis but lack chloroplasts. These cells have no flagella. Class: Cyanophyceae This class contains unicellular and multicellular algae without a true nucleus or chromatophore. They have no known sexual reproduction.
Order: Nostocales This order is characterized by filamentous bacteria with branching. Family: Oscillatoriaceae This family includes unbranched cells that show spiral movement. It rotates along its axis. They have no heterocyst.
Genus: Arthrospira This genus is multicellular and a long cylinder. Species: Arthrospira platensis This species is classified as spirally coiled with granulated cross-walls. Prokaryota Monera Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Nostocales Oscillatoriaceae Arthrospira Platensis Fig 1.2 Morphology of Arthrospira According toSili et al.(2012), the main morphological feature of Arthrospiraisa typical arrangement of trichome in an open helix usually of relatively large diameter, sometimes attenuated at the ends, and with evident cross-walls (Fig 1. The trichomes are composed of cylindrical cells that undergo binary fission in a single plane, perpendicular to the main axis.
Multiplication occurs only by fragmentation of the trichomes. The trichome breakage is transcellular and involves the destruction of an intercalary cell[7,42,57].2 Morphological aspects of the evident cross-wall in Arthrospira isolated from soda Lake Kailala (Chad). The trichome ofA. platensishaswidth from about 2,5 to 16 μm, the helix pitch from about 0 to 80 μm and diameter from 15 to 60 μm.
These two parameters which define the shape of the helix architecture are highly dependent on growth and environmental conditions[7].Van Eykelenburg(1980) described theeffect of temperature on the change trichome structure of A. platensisfrom the helix to the straight in the solid media. Although straight and helicoidally forms of A. platensisoften observed in the laboratory.
However, the factors and the effect mechanism for this change still remain obscure[58]. Jeeji Bai(1985)studied the 3 c effect of the physical and chemical condition on the helix geometry of A. The degree of coiling of trichome from helical to straightform under the physical and chemical conditions wereregarded as a peculiar property of limb, in the same species and it does not revert back to the helical form [30].The evidence may be due to it is impacted of some mutation in the growth conditions and related to A. platensis The cell organization of A.
platensis,observed by electron microscopy shows organizations such as capsule, pluristratified cell wall, photosynthetic or thylakoid lamella system, ribosomes, and fibrils of DNA region and numerous inclusions is gram-negative [37,48].The capsule has fibrillar structure and covers each filament protecting it. The irregular presence of capsule around the filaments in A. platensisis a differentiating morphological characteristic to compare with S.