VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES DUONG THI VAN ANH STUDY ON SITUATION TO OVERCOME THE CONSEQUENCES OF TOXIC CHEMICALS TO HUMANS IN CAM LO DISTRICT, QUANG TRI PROVINCE MASTER’S THESIS Major: Vietnamese Studies Hanoi- 2012 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES DUONG THI VAN ANH STUDY ON SITUATION TO OVERCOME THE CONSEQUENCES OF TOXIC CHEMICALS TO HUMANS IN CAM LO DISTRICT, QUANG TRI PROVINCE MASTER’S THESIS Major: Vietnamese Studies Code: 60 31 60 Supervisor: Prof. Truong Quang Hoc Hanoi - 2012 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com CONTENTS CONTENTS .1 LIST OF TABLES .4 LIST OF FIGURES. Necessity of the study. Scientific and practical singnificances of the studied subject.
Study objects and scope. Study methodology and methods. Collecting secondary data…………………………………………………………14 5. Sociological survey methods…………………………………………………….17 OVERVIEW ON THE STUDY OF OVERCOMING THE CONSEQUENCES OF TOXIC CHEMICALS/DIOXIN IN VIETNAM AND IN QUANG TRI.
Overview of the chemical war in the world. Chemical war in Vietnam. Ranch Hand campaign. Toxic chemicals used by the US army in the Vietnam war.
Consequences of the agent orange/dioxin on people. Impacts of the agent orange/dioxin to human body. Real status of the exposure in the Vietnamese. Consequences of the chemical war in Quang Tri province.
Efforts of Vietnam in overcoming the impacts of toxic chemicals on people .41 1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. General assessment of achievements, weaknesses, and proposed solutions for their overcoming .49 STATUS OF OVERCOMING AGENT ORANGE/DIOXIN INFLUENCES .49 ON PEOPLE IN CAMLO DISTRICT, QUANG TRI PROVINCE. Overview of Cam Lo district. Features of natural conditions.
Topography and soil. Climate and hydrography. Minerals and biological resources. Population and population density.
Culture and society……………………………………………………………………. Status of victims of the Agent Orange/dioxin in Cam Lo district. Real status of victims of the Agent Orange/dioxin in Cam Lo district. General features of the victims of the agent orange in Cam Lo district.
Economy and family conditions. Status of health, illness, and deformity of the victims. Difficulties in life faced by the victims and their family. Psychological features of victims of the Agent Orange.
Demands and wishes of the victims and their family. Activities to supgort and take care victims of Agent Orange/dioxin. In term of policies. Campaigns of the Association of Victims of Agent Orange in Cam Lo district.
Results of the mobilization work to support, help, and look after the victims. Some obtained results. Activities of foreign affairs. Activities of looking after the victims of Agent Orange/dioxin in community.
The work of supporting and taking care of the victims. 94 2 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Raising awareness and participation of the community .96 PROPOSED SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .96 TO COMPREHENSIVELY SUPPORT VICTIMS OF THE TOXIC CHEMICALS IN CAM LO DISTRICT, QUANG TRI PROVINCE. Results of analyzing strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and challenges.
Sollutions making on policies and their implementation arrangement…… 3. Solutions in term of social and humanitarian aspects. Surveying and investigating real status of the victims of toxic chemicals/dioxin in Cam Lo district; sociologically investigating social psychology of victims. Improving social and health policies and taking care of victims infected by toxic chemicals/dioxin.
Developing programs to propagandize. Mobilizing sources to support victims of the toxic chemicals/dioxin. Supporting and looking after the victims infected by toxic chemicals in community. For policy making.
For the local authority. Programming community-based models to restore forestry resources in toxic chemical areas in Cam Lo district by giving preferential treatment in handing over land and forest to families of dioxin victims. Building work to supply running water and social works in Agent Orange areas 112 3. Forming and implementing tours to visit old battlefields with the participation of local people, veterans, and victims of the Agent Orange to propagandize and do business113 3.
Combining with universities and schools in the province as well in the whole country to build program for volunteer students; bringing them to communes and hamlets to support the rehabilitation work and other social activities for the families of dioxin victims and making this an annual activity .114 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .119 3 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page Table 0. Time, site, and content of fieldwork 12 Table 1. Components of toxic chemicals containing 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T 19 Table 1. Chemical war escalation 23 Table 1.
Amount of toxic chemicals used by the US army phase 1962-1971 26 Table 1. Total number of missions spraying plant killer agents in the Ranch 27 Hand campaign Table 1. Content of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and TEQ in mix blood in localities in 31 Vietnam Table 1. Content of 2378-TCDD and TEQ in breast milk in localities of 34 Vietnam phase 1986-1987 Table 1.
Dioxin and dioxin equivalence in the Vietnamese women’s breast 34 milk in comparison with some other countries in the world Table 1. Households suffered Agent Orange/dioxin in Quang Tri in 1999 37 Table 1. Influences of toxic chemicals/dioxin with Quang Tri people in 38 1999 Table 1. Victims of toxic chemicals/dioxin in Quang Tri in 1999 39 Table 2.
Population distributed according to district, city, and sex of Cam 53 Lo in 2008 Table 2. Rates of birth, death, and natural population growth 53 Table 2. Areas conducted investigation on the influences of toxic chemicals 59 Table 2. Number of households having innate deformity children 59 Table 2.
Exposure level of toxic chemicals of surveyed households 60 Table 2. Number of households having innate deformity children 60 Table 2. Innate deformity divided by sex 60 Table 2. Time appearing innate deformity 60 Table 2.
Offspring’s innate deformity forms 61 4 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Relation between households living in toxic chemical areas and 62 their children’s innate deformity Table 2. Relation between vegetable protection agent contacts 62 and children’s innate deformity Table 2. Situation of grandchildren’s innate deformity 63 Table 2.
Relation between households living in toxic chemical areas and 63 grandchildren’s innate deformity Table 2. Relation between householders living in toxic chemical areas and 64 related diseases of their children Table 2. Premature situation of women in investigated households 65 Table 2. Losing pregnancy situation of women in investigated households 65 Table 2.
Relation between losing pregnancy and living in toxic chemical 65 areas Table 2. Interrelation of average income of households having victims of 68 Agent orange/dioxin Table 2. Condition of households having victims of toxic chemical in Cam 70 Lo district Table 2. Diseases of the indirect victims in Cam Lo district 74 Table 2.
Impacts of psychological hurts on life of victims of the Agent 77 Orange/dioxin Table 2. Situation of dioxin victims benefited in Cam Lo district 85 Table 2. Battlefield of directly infected victims 94 Table 3. Results of analyzing strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and 96 threats 5 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page Figure 0.
The relation between victims of toxic chemicals and the 12 surrounding environment Figure 1. Some agents in PCDD group 18 Figure 1. Structure of TCDD 19 Figure 1. Map of the tactics of US Army 24 Figure 1.
Amount of agents sprayed in Vietnam during the Ranch Hand 26 campaign Figure 1. Diagram comparing 1,2,3,7,8, TCDD and TEQ in mix blood in 33 localities of Vietnam Figure 1. Diagram comparing dioxin content in Vietnamese women’s milk 35 and other countries in the world (survey of the World Health Organization, February 1988) Figure 2. Administrative map of Cam Lo District in Quang Tri Province 50 Figure 2.
Population structure with rate of male and female in Cam Lo 53 District (left) B. Urban and rural population structure (right) 53 Figure 2. Rate of households joining investigation distributed by 67 communes/towns Figure 2. Monthly income of investigated people 67 Figure 2.
People themselves assessing their living standard 69 Figure 2. Number of dioxin victims in families in Cam Lo district 71 Figure 2.7 Rate of labor declination of victims of toxic chemicals in 72 communes and towns of Cam Lo district Figure 2. Number of victims directly infected by toxic chemicals 73 Figure 2. Diseases of indirect victims in Cam Lo district 74 Figure 2.10 Attitute of pepple towards the victims of the Agent Orange 81 Figure 3.
System of sources to supgort victims of Agent Orange 96 6 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I with to express my gratitude and deepest respect to Prof. Truong Quang Hoc, my supervisor, who ethusiatic instructs and conveys basic knownledge to me, as well as contributes valuable ideas to help me complete this thesis. I with to thank the teachers, and staff of the Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Sciences, Vietnam National University, Hanoi. They have created the best conditions for me to participate in the learning process and complete successfully my MA course.
I would like to thank to the staff of the People’s Council, People’s Committee, Statistics Division, Naural Resources and Environment Division of Cam Lo district and Cam Lo Association of victims of Agent Orange/dioxin has provided information and statistics data and interviewed in the course of local realities. I would like to especially thank Mr. Nguyen Van Hoan, Mr. Tran Anh Lam, Nguyen Van Bong notes enthusiastically guide and help me when conducting surveys in the locality.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to the people of Cam Lo district commune for their ethusiasm in supplying me information during my field work in these areas. Finally I would like to thank my family, my friends who have always care, share, motivate, encourage me in all this time. Hanoi, 2012 Duong Thi Van Anh 7 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com COMMITMENT I hereby declare that the obtained results in this thesis are absolutely honest. Information and results published in this thesis are my researching work.
If there is any shortcoming, I will bear all responsibilities in front of the training unit and law. Hanoi, june 2012 Duong Thi Van Anh 8 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Necessity of the study In the Vietnam War, especially in the phase 1965-1971, the American empire used many kinds of weed killer to destroy tree leaves to undermine our military affairs and economy. Three main kinds of chemicals that were used in Vietnam by the American army were agent oranges, white toxic chemical to destroy forests, and green toxic chemical to destroy crops.
The agent orange contains dioxin, a very strong toxic chemical and difficult to disintegrate. Thus, they have been kept in the environment for a very long time. After many times of accumulation, the soil and water is strongly polluted. Forests are destroyed, causing the imbalance of ecological conditions and leaving many hard consequences in many areas of Vietnam.
In addition to negative impacts of the toxic chemicals on the natural resources and environment, they also dangerously influence the human being because of genetic destroy. Many people and soldiers living in spreading toxic chemicals areas have caught fatal diseases, especially cancer. Many women have suffered a miscarriage and had a premature delivery. More seriously, children of people infected with toxic chemicals also suffer from diseases such as dumb, blind, deaf, mental illness or deformity although they were born after the war, even in areas far away from combat zones.
Quang Tri is one of the provinces of most seriously affected by toxic chemicals. It is in the 1 tactical area with 17 – 20% of its area spread with toxic chemical; some parts were spread chemical two or three times. In many documents, it is found that the exterminated level in Quang Tri province is considerable. Formerly, the forest natural resources in Quang Tri were very rich.