MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HAI PHONG PRIVATE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES ISO 9001:2008 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH POLITENESS STRATEGIES APPLIED IN MAKING A BARGAIN IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE. (Sử dụng các chiến lược giao tiếp lịch sự trong cách thức mặc cả giữa tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt) By: Nguyễn Thị Thu Huyền, M. Haiphong, December 2010 1 Abstract Based on the theoretical background of speech act, politeness in the light of cross-cultural communication, this study investigates the similarities and differences in making a bargain in Vietnamese and American language and culture. Data used in this study are collected via questionnaires.
To investigate the dimensions thoroughly, we take informants’ social parameters such as age, sex, marital status, occupation, living area, and knowledge of foreign languages into consideration. The findings of all the investigated aspects are presented and cross-culturally compared. The common belief is reassured that the American with their Western cultural features prefer negative politeness strategies whereas the Vietnamese with their Asia Eastern ones prefer positive politeness strategies. The social distance among various communicating partners has more influence on the Vietnamese than on the American, which induces them to apply different appropriate strategies.
However, interactions with communicating partners of different social distance still remain the American to be more negative politeness oriented. This study, hopefully contributes to helping interlocutors avoid communication breakdowns in Vietnamese-American cross-cultural communication. Then, several activities in teaching English, particularly English for Business at Hai Phong Private University with the situations of sales and price negotiation are suggested. 2 Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank all the following people for their great supports during my completion of this scientific research.
First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude Assoc. NguyÔn Quang, my supervisor, for his clear guidance, insightful comments and dutiful supervision. I would like to give my sincere thanks to all the lectures of Foreign Languages Department- Hai Phong Private University for their knowledge, sharing teaching experiences and their comments on my initial draft, from which I have acquired valuable knowledge and inspiration to fulfill this research. I would like to express my gratitude to my family, to many of my friends and colleagues, for their valuable sharing and encouragements.
My special thanks go to Mr Adrian Wurr, the American educator; Mr David Bouchard, the Fulbright scholar for their comments and their help with the collection of questionnaire in American English. I wish to acknowledge the important contributions of both Vietnamese and American informants, whose names I cannot mention here for the completion of this study. NguyÔn ThÞ Thu HuyÒn 3 Table of contents Abstract. ii Table of contents.
iii List of tables. v List of figures. vii PART 1: INTRODUCTION I. Aims of the study.
Scope of the study. Design of the study. 3 Part 2: Development Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication. Language and culture.
Communication, communicative functions of language, cross-cultural communication…6 Chapter 2: Making bargain as a speech act. Pragmatics, cross-cultural pragmatics. Theory of speech acts. Classification of speech acts.
Making bargain as a speech act. 11 Chapter 3: Politeness strategies in making bargain. Theory of politeness. Politeness and face.
Positive politeness and positive politeness strategies. Negative politeness and negative politeness strategies. Sociological factors: Social distance (D), Relative power (P), and Ranking of imposition (R) 4 as politeness determinants. Realization of strategies in making bargain.
23 Chapter 4: data collection, data analysis and discussion 1. Procedure of data collection. Procedure of data analysis. data analysis and discussion.
Use of strategies as seen from informants’ parameters. Major cross-cultural similarities and differences. Use of strategies as seen from communicating partners’ parameters. Major cross-cultural similarities and differences.
Overview of the findings. Politeness strategies in making a bargain. Effects of the communicating partners on informants in choosing politeness strategies when making a bargain. Informants’ status parameters.
Implications for cross- cultural communication. IMPLICATIONS FOR ELT. Cross cultural negotiation in business field. Activities of sales and price negotiation for learners, particularly for those of English for Business.
63 Appendix 1: Vietnamese survey questionnaire. VIII Appendix 2: English survey questionnaire. X APPENDIX 3: Summary Table of utterances collected from Informants. XII 5 List of tables Table 1: The five general functions of speech acts (following Searle 1979) Table 2: Realization of strategies in making a bargain Table 3: Distribution of informants with their status parameters Table 4: Number of utterances collected from survey questionnaire Table 5: Politeness strategies according to the parameter of age Table 6: Politeness strategies according to the parameter of gender Table 7: Politeness strategies according to the parameter of marital status Table 8: Politeness strategies according to the parameter of occupation Table 9: Politeness strategies according to the parameter of living area Table 10: Politeness strategies according to the parameter of knowledge of FL 6 List of figures Figure 1: Possible strategies for doing FTAs ( Brown and Levinson, 1987) Figure 2: Possible strategies for doing FTAs (Nguyen Quang, 1999:130) Figure 3: Politeness strategies in making a bargain to acquaintance Figure 4: Politeness strategies in making a bargain to friend Figure 5: Politeness strategies in making a bargain to neighbor Figure 6: Politeness strategies in making a bargain to stranger Figure 7: Politeness strategies in making a bargain to different communicating partners 7 Abbreviations Am : American FSA : Face Saving Act FTA : Face Threatening Act H : Hearer NOR : Nonverbal Off-record PPO : Negative Politeness Oriented NPS : Negative Politeness Strategies NPS+NPS : Negative Politeness Strategies+ Negative Politeness Strategies NPS+PPS : Negative Politeness Strategies+ Positive Politeness Strategies NPS+VOR : Negative Politeness Strategies+ Off-record OR : Off-record PPS+NPS : Positive Politeness Strategies+ Negative Politeness Strategies PPS+PPS : Positive Politeness Strategies+ Positive Politeness Strategies PPS+VOR : Positive Politeness Strategies+ Off-record S : Speaker SNPS : Single Negative Politeness Strategies SPPS : Single Positive Politeness Strategies Vie : Vietnamese VOR : Verbal Off-record 8 Part1: introduction 9 x i.
Rationale Any creatures on this earth, when forming a community, share their same language to survive and to develop. Each type of animal has its own so-called language so that they can recognize its specie. Language of bird is the sound of singing, of dog is the sound of barking, of ocean animals such as dolphin, seal is the sound of lapping. Human being, the supreme animal, by each ethnic group, territory has its own language of sounds, signs or symbols to communicate, to support each other.
It is also noted that language is the basic tool by which humans make society function. In its most basic form, language is a tool humans have utilized, sometimes effectively, sometimes not so effectively, to communicate their ideas, thoughts, and feelings to others. Saville-Troike (in Samovar, L.E, 1991: 166) furthers this notion by saying: ‚At the level of individuals and groups interacting with one another, the functions of communication are related to participants’ purposes and needs. These include such categories of functions as affect (conveying feelings or emotions), directive (requesting or demanding), poetic (aesthetic), phatic (empathy and solidarity), and metalinguistic (reference to language itself).‛ Language also permits you to pool knowledge and to communicate with others who are beyond the reach of your voice in space and time so that you need not rediscover what others have already discarded.
This capability is a key in making progress possible because it allows us to learn from the past, and to communicate through time. Language serves a number of cultural, communal, and societal functions. First, from the cultural perspective, it is the primary means of preserving culture and is the medium of transmitting culture to new generation. In Vietnamese families, parents talk with their children to teach them the traditional family values such as the respect, the patriotism, the virtue of worshipping their ancestors.
In America, children learn the values of individualism and freedom as the Americans’ identity from generation to generation. Second, it helps establish and preserve community by linking individuals into communities of shared identity. Third, at the societal level, it is important to all aspects of human interaction. As you can see, language is a multifunctional tool that helps you satisfy a variety of needs.
Of which, conversation, therefore, is the most fundamental form of communication in daily interaction because it provides you with the means of conducting human affairs. In such a kind of human daily interaction, making a bargain is a subtle speech act. Different ethnic groups have different ways to perform their daily interactions. The Western people, namely the American, to certain extents, have different spoken language, different behaviors from those of Eastern people, such as Vietnamese.
In the field of cross- cultural communication, the degree of politeness x xi strategies applied is a significant factor. Therefore, an investigation into how to make a bargain will partially contribute to raising communicative competence of language learners and their better mutual understanding of an aspect of cultures. It is hoped that findings from the study will help learners of English avoid potential cultural shock and communication breakdown. Aims of the study This research aims to: - Investigate the specific situations of making a bargain with the degree of politeness strategies applied by Vietnamese and American people.
- Compare and contrast strategies on how to make a bargain in the two languages and cultures in order to clarify similarities and differences in the ways the Vietnamese and Americans make a bargain in their daily life. - Test the validity of the following hypotheses: a. The Americans are more interested in negative politeness strategies, while the Vietnamese in positive politeness strategies. The Americans tend to be more direct in communication than the Vietnamese.
- Contribute to raising awareness of cross-cultural differences in communication among English learners and potential interactants of international communication. - Then suggest supplementary activities applied in teaching English, particularly for the learners of English for Business in sales and price negotiation. Scope of the study - The study especially focuses on the degrees of politeness strategies used in making a bargain in Vietnamese and American languages and cultures. - The study focuses totally on the verbal aspect of the speech act.
Paralinguistic and extra- linguistic factors, though important, go beyond the scope of this study. - In this sort of communication, making a bargain, the sociological factors such as ‚ranking of impositions‛ and ‚relative power‛ are kept neutral while the factor ‚social distance‛ is taken into consideration to investigate the degrees of the politeness strategies in this study. xi xii IV. Methodology The research project is based on both theoretical discussion and data analysis.
The theoretical background was selected with reference to both Vietnamese and foreign publications. Data were collected and analyzed for the aim of comparing and contrasting the similarities and differences between the two languages and cultures. The ‘Quantitative’ and ‘Contrastive analysis’ are the main methods applied to pursue the objectivity in a cross- cultural research. All the interpretations, comments, and conclusions are drawn from: - Relevant references - Survey questionnaires - Statistics, description and analysis of the collected data - Personal observations and experience - Discussion with colleagues, students - Consultation with the supervisor V.
Design of the study The study consists of three main parts: Part 1: Introduction outlines the general background, the rationale, the methodology, the aims, the scope and the design of the study. Part 2: Development presents the theoretical background and discusses the data analysis and findings. This part includes the following chapters Chapter 1. Briefly presents language and culture in communication Chapter 2.
Briefly presents and discusses the theory of pragmatics, cross cultural pragmatics, speech acts and making a bargain as a speech act.