MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING GRADUATION THESIS DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF THE RETAIL BUSINESS ENTERPRISES LISTED ON VIETNAM’S STOCK MARKET Major: Finance – Banking Major code: 7 34 02 01 NGUYỄN ANH KHOA ii HO CHI MINH CITY, 2023 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING GRADUATION THESIS DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF THE RETAIL BUSINESS ENTERPRISES LISTED ON VIETNAM’S STOCK MARKET Major: Finance – Banking Major code: 7 34 02 01 Student: NGUYỄN ANH KHOA Code: 050607190203 Class: HQ7-GE05 SUPERVISOR Dr. NGUYỄN DUY LINH iii HO CHI MINH CITY, 2023 iv ABSTRACT The thesis is performed in order to study the determinants of capital structure of the retail business enterprises listed on Vietnam’s stock market. From the research result, recommendations or suggestions related to the act of distributing proportion of capital structure are made in order to improve the company operation’s efficiency. The raw data of the research is extracted from the financial statements of 38 listed companies operating in the retail industry in the period of 2018-2022.
After the collection of raw data, data for the research is calculated according to the variables that are used in the regression models. On the next step, data is imported to Stata.17 to run the regression models and perform tests to find defects of the model. For the result of the final model, the author used Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) estimation method to eliminate defects and ensure the model’s optimum. The dependent variable is capital structure, which is represented by the financial leverage ratio.
The research used eight explanatory variables in the research, which are firm’s size, profitability, tangibility, growth opportunities, tax payment, non-debt tax shield, liquidity and uniqueness of product. According to the result, factors that have positive effect on the changes of capital structure, which is financial leverage, are firm’s size and growth opportunities, while profitability, tangibility, non-debt tax shield and uniqueness of product influence capital structure negatively. For the remaining variables tax ratio and liquidity, the relationship with financial leverage is inverse and the estimation result indicated that these two variables are statistically insignificant. v TÓM TẮT Bài luận được thực hiện nhằm nghiên cứu về các yếu tố tác động lên cấu trúc vốn của các doanh nghiệp bán lẻ niêm yết trên thị trường chứng khoán Việt Nam.
Từ kết quả nghiên cứu, các khuyến nghị liên quan đến hoạt động phân bổ trong cấu trúc vốn sẽ được đưa ra nhằm nâng cao hiệu quả trong hoạt động công ty. Dữ liệu thô của nghiên cứu được trích xuất từ báo cáo tài chính của 38 doanh nghiệp được niêm yết hoạt động trong lĩnh vực bán lẻ trong giai đoạn từ 2018-2022. Sau khi thu thập đầy đủ dữ liệu thô, dữ liệu của nghiên cứu sẽ được tính lần lượt theo các biến được sử dụng trong mô hình hồi quy. Ở bước tiếp theo, dữ liệu sẽ được nhập vào phần mềm Stata.17 để chạy mô hình hồi quy và thực hiện các kiểm định nhằm tìm ra khiếm khuyết của mô hình.
Đối với kết quả cuối cùng của mô hình, tác giả sử dụng phương pháp ước lượng Bình Phương Tối Thiểu Tổng Quát Khả Thi (Feasible Generalized Least Squares-FGLS) để loại bỏ những khiếm khuyết và đảm bảo sự tối ưu của mô hình. Biến phụ thuộc là cấu trúc vốn, được đại diện bằng tỉ lệ đòn bẩy tài chính. Nghiên cứu sử dụng tám biến giải thích, trong đó có kích cỡ công ty, khả năng sinh lợi, tỉ lệ tài sản cố định, cơ hội tăng trưởng, khoản thuế phải trả, lá chắn thuế ngoài lãi vay, tính thanh khoản và tính riêng biệt trong sản phẩm. Theo kết quả, các yếu tố có tác động tích cực lên sự thay đổi của cấu trúc vốn, trong trường hợp này được đại diện bởi đòn bẩy tài chính, là kích cỡ công ty và cơ hội tăng trưởng trong khi đó các biến như khả năng sinh lợi, tỉ lệ tài sản cố định, lá chắn thuế ngoài lãi vay và tính riêng biệt trong sản phẩm lại có tác động tiêu cực lên sự thay đổi của cấu trúc vốn.
Đối với các biến còn lại là tỉ lệ thuế phải trả và tính thanh khoản, tác động của hai biến này lên cấu trúc vốn là âm và kết quả ước lượng cho thấy hai biến không có ý nghĩa thống kê. vi COMMITMENT My name is: Nguyễn Anh Khoa Class: HQ7-GE05 Student code: 050607190203 Thesis topic: Determinants of capital structure of the retail business enterprises listed on Vietnam’s stock market. Major in: Finance-Banking Science supervisor: Dr. Nguyễn Duy Linh I am the student of Ho Chi Minh University of Banking with major in Finance and Banking.
The author commits the thesis with topic: “Determinants of capital structure of the retail business enterprises listed on Vietnam’s stock market” has never been submitted anywhere else before. The thesis is the author’s own research work. The research results are reliable, in which there are no previously published contents or contents made by others except for cited sources fully in the thesis. Ho Chi Minh city, May 2023 The author Nguyễn Anh Khoa vii ACKNOWLEGEMENT Firstly, the author would like to thank teachers in Ho Chi Minh University of Banking for all the help and support about the knowledge, academic materials, guidance of collecting data during the process of writing the thesis.
In particular, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Nguyen Duy Linh for the enthusiasm, dedication in the act of educating at university. Your help and meticulous guidance played an important role for me to complete the thesis in a better way. Finally, I would like to thank my family, my friends, who wholeheartedly help and support me with the best possible condition to complete the graduation thesis.
However, due to the limitation of experience and knowledge about the field, the thesis may contain many errors. The author is looking forward to receiving any comments to improve the thesis in a better way. Ho Chi Minh city, May 2023 The author Nguyễn Anh Khoa viii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. xi LIST OF TABLES.
xii LIST OF FIGURES. REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE TOPIC. SUBJECT AND AREA OF RESEARCH. Area of research.
CONTRIBUTION OF THE THESIS. STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH. OVERVIEW OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE. Definition of capital structure.
Meaning of capital structure in business. Measurement of enterprise’s capital structure. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE. Modigliani and Miller's theory (M&M theory).
The trade-off theory. Pecking order theory. Agency costs theory. DETERMINANTS OF A COMPANY’S CAPITAL STRUCTURE.
PREVIOUS RESEARCH IN THE FIELD .27 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 2. DATA OF RESEARCH. RESEARCH RESULT AND DISCUSSION. Pool OLS, FEM and REM.
The test’s results .58 x SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. THESIS LIMITATION AND DIRECTION OF RESEARCH. Direction of research .68 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 5 .77 xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATION MEANING FEM Fixed Effects Model FGLS Feasible Generalized Least Squares GROWTH Growth opportunities LIQUID Liquidity NDTS Non-debt tax shield OLS Ordinary Least Square REM Random Effects Model ROA Return on Assets SIZE Firm’s size TANG Tangibility TAX Tax payment ratio TLEV Total Leverage UNI Uniqueness xii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Formulas and hypotheses of independent variables .2 Summary of previous studies .3 Variance inflation factor (VIF) calculation.4 Estimation of Pooled OLS, FEM and REM.6 Hausman test's result .7 Wooldridge test for autocorrelation in panel data.8 Modified Wald test for groupwise heteroskedasticity in FEM .57 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Pecking order of capital.1 Summary of research process.
INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 identifies the research subject, which are the determinants of capital structure of the retail business enterprises listed on Vietnam’s stock market. The Chapter also covers the reasons for choosing the topic, research objectives, research questions, subject and area of research, research methods, research contribution and the thesis structure in detail. REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE TOPIC Capital structure plays an important role in the success of the company. By utilizing the optimal proportion of capital according to the event that is happening, the financial managers can maintain the company growth at an ideal pace while keeping the company in an active situation since it can cope with any liquidity needs.
From the bank’s perspective, studying the behavior of company in distributing proportion of liabilities allows it to adjust the loaning policy so that it can take advantage in doing businesses. From the investor’s perspective, since capital structure is one of the determinants that leads to a company success, gaining knowledge in how capital structure of business change and the relationship between it and the other economic factors allow the investor to have better analysis on the company. Because the capital structure does not change immediately after an economic event, there are situations in which the company may suffer since the present proportion in liabilities is no longer an ideal solution for the company. For example, companies that have most of its liabilities come from debt when interest rate are low allow it to utilize the interest tax shield to decrease tax.
But when inflation come and the state bank must raise the interest rate, these companies will suffer from the floating rate loan since they hold high proportion of debt in liabilities. This study aims to create a model that explain the relationship between capital structure and other economic factors so that financial managers and investors can make better decision based on how companies will react to the changes of other economic factors. 2 There has been many research related to capital structure of the company, some of it can be accounted for like: For foreign researches, Modigliani and Miller’s theory of capital structure laid the groundwork for the capital structure theory with the proposition on how capital structure has an impact on the firm value and average cost of capital; Huang and Song (2002) research with the data of 1,000 listed enterprises in China during the period of 1994-2000 has proved that different level of leverage, which type can be divided into short or long term, can lead to different relationship with the other economic factors. For domestic research, Do (2019) studied determinants of capital structure of 74 Vietnamese listed construction firms during the period 2014-2018.
Dinh and Pham (2020) used the data from 30 pharmaceutical enterprises listed on the Viet Nam’s Stock Exchange within the period of 2015-2019. Some of these research focus on the overall capital structure of enterprises regardless of their industry while some focus on other areas rather than the area of retail business, even though retail revenue account for 4000- 5000 billion Viet Nam thousand Dong of our country revenue per year (General Statistics Office of Vietnam, 2018-2022). According to the General Statistics Office of Viet Nam, in 2022, the value of total retail sale and sale from consumable service had increased significantly 19.8% compared to the previous year. In the last 6 month of 2023, the number of total retail sale and sale from consumable service was 3016.8 billion Viet Nam thousand Dong, which has increased 6.50% compared to the same period in 2022.
Thus, the data indicated the developing trend of the retail industry. The promising growth of the industry in the future also exhibited along with the development of the ecommerce channel. In the harsh period of coping with the disease, many businesses are forced to shut down in order to prevent the affection of the sickness.