MATERIALS SCIENCE SSP 2412 MAGNETIC & OPTICAL PROPERTIES Prof. Samsudi Sakrani Physics Dept. Faculty of Science Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 1 Main Topics • Introduction to Magnetic Properties • Magnetism on the Microscopic Scale. • Applications 2 ©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. A current passing through a coil sets up a magnetic field H with a flux density B. The flux density is higher when a magnetic core is placed within the coil. 3 EXAMPLE &SOLUTION The magnetic field H produced by the coil.
The permeability of the core material must be: The relative permeability of the core material must be at least: 4 Macroscopic description in vacuum of magnetism magnetic induction magnetic field in matter magnetization we interpret as the “external field” magnetic susceptibility magnetic dipole moment potential energy of one dipole in the external field: 5 Units • Both, and are measured in Tesla (T) • 1 T is a strong field. The magnetic field fo the earth is only in the order of 10-5 T. 6 Magnetism on Microscopic Scale • Electrons can generate magnetism in three ways: i) As moving charges as current, ii) Due to their spin and iii) Due to their orbital rotation around a core. • The later two mechanisms (spin, orbital) are responsible for magnetic behavior in matter.
• Bohr magneton (symbol μB) is a physical constant and the natural unit for expressing an electron magnetic dipole moment (Magnetic moment of an electron) 7 Spin & Obit ©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Origin of magnetic dipoles: (a) The spin of the electron produces a magnetic field with a direction dependent on the quantum number ms. (b) Electrons Electrons orbiting around the nucleus create a magnetic field around the atom.
8 Spins in 3d Metals 9 Ferromagnetic elements and many alloys are also ferromagnetic 10 Electron Orbit Magnetic Moment Effective current is or Magnetic moment, 11 The magnetic moment associated with an electron orbit is given by Taking into account the quantization of angular momentum for such orbits, the magnitude of the magnetic moment can be written A unit of magnetic moment called the Bohr magneton is, 12 Magnetic Properties • There are three types of magnetic behavior. The external field in materials can be – weakened (m< 0 or Km < 1) this is called diamagnetism – slightly intensified, (m> 0 or Km >1) this is called paramagnetism – considerably intensified, (m>> 0 or Km >> 1) called ferromagnetism. 13 ©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The effect of the core material on the flux density. The magnetic moment opposes the field in diamagnetic materials. Progressively stronger moments are present in paramagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and ferromagnetic materials for the same applied field. 14 DIAMAGNETISM Diamagnetism: negative susceptibility, the magnetization opposes the external field, the potential energy is lowered when moving the magnetized bodies to a lower field strength.
A diamagnet opposes both poles of a magnet. Diamagnetism is caused by “currents” induced by the external field. According to Lenz’ law, these currents always lead to a field opposing the external field. 15 Diamagnetism • Due to an external magnetic field a radial force acts on the electron.
It points toward or out of the center depending on the direction of the field. The force can’t change the radius but if it points toward the center it speeds the electron and if out it slows it. This leads to a change in the magnetic moment which is always opposite to the field. So the field is weakened.
16 PARAMAGNETISM Paramagnetism occurs in materials whose atoms have permanent magnetic dipole moments; it makes no difference whether these dipole moments are of the orbital or spin types. The paramagnetic materials at room temperature are Chromium, Tungsten, Aluminium, and Magnesium. 17 Paramagnetism measured magnetic moment Bo M M C volume T The thermal motion of the atoms tends to disturb the alignment of the dipoles, and consequently the magnetization (M) decreases with increasing temperature following Curie’s law 18 Paramagnetism: Figure shows the ratio M/Mmax as a function of Bext /T. It is a magnetization curve.
19 FERROMAGNETISM Ferromagnetic materials are those that can become strongly magnetized, with all spins in parallel, such as Fe, Co, Gd and Ni. These materials are made up of tiny regions called domains; the magnetic field in each domain is in a single direction. Changes in spin directions (antiferromagnetic) and reduction spin magnitude (ferrimagnetic) cause deviation from original ferromagnetic. 20 Domains and Hysteresis in Ferromagnetism: When the material is unmagnetized, the domains are randomly oriented.
They can be partially or fully aligned by placing the material in an external magnetic field. 21 Ferromagnetism In ferromagnets, some Starting with unmagnetized magnetization material and no magnetic field, will remain after the the magnetic field can be appliedfield is reduced to increased, decreased, reversed, zero, yielding permanent and the cycle repeated. Such materials resulting plot of the total exhibit magnetic field within the hysteresis ferromagnet is called a hysteresis curve. 22 Ferromagnetism m positive with spins parallel below Tc χ Ferromagnetic behaviour (FM) Paramagnetic behaviour (PM) Curie Point T 23 Antiferromagnetism • m negative with spins antiparallel below TN χ Paramagnetic behaviour (PM) Antiferromagnetic behaviour AFM TN T 24 Ferrimagnetism • m negative with spins of unequal magnitude antiparallel below critical T Paramagnetic FiM behaviour T 25 COMPARISON OF MAGNETIC PROPERTIES SUSCEPTIBILITY TEMPERATURE TYPE m DEPENDENT, T EXAMPLES a) small & negative a) m T Organic materials, Diamagnet b) medium & b) m T and H light elements and negative c) Exist below alkali metals c) large & negative critical temp.
Tc a) small & positive a) m not T Alkali metals, Paramagnet b) large & positive b) m 1/T transition metals, rare earth metals Very large and T>0, m = 1/(T-) Transition metals and Ferromagnet positive T<0, m is rare earth metals complex Small and positive T>TN, m = 1/(T+) Salts and transition Antiferromagnet T<TN, m T metals Very large and T>TN, m Ferrites, ferrous Ferrimagnet positive 1/(T) T<TN, m complex TN : Neel temperature; : Curie temperature 26 Applications of Magnetic Materials Soft Magnetic Materials - Ferromagnetic materials are often used to enhance the magnetic flux density (B) produced when an electric current is passed through the material. Applications include cores for electromagnets, electric motors, transformers, generators, and other electrical equipment. Data Storage Materials - Magnetic materials are used for data storage. Permanent Magnets - Magnetic materials are used to make strong permanent magnets Power - The strength of a permanent magnet as expressed by the maximum product of the inductance and magnetic field.
Sensor – Based on giant magnetoresistance (GMR) 27 28 GMR Head 29 SUMMARY • A magnetic field can be produced by: --putting a current through a coil. • Magnetic induction: --occurs when a material is subjected to a magnetic field. --is a change in magnetic moment from electrons. • Types of material response to a field are: --ferro- or ferri-magnetic (large magnetic induction) --paramagnetic (poor magnetic induction) --diamagnetic (opposing magnetic moment) • Hard magnets: large coercivity.
• Soft magnets: small coercivity. • Applications: : -- Magnetic storage media -- GMR sensor 10 30 Optical Properties of Materials 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50