MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE STATE BANK OF VIETNAM BANKING UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY NGUYEN VAN TUNG ACCESS TO CAPITAL AND GROWTH OF VIETNAMESE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DOCTORAL DISSERTATION IN FINANCE AND BANKING HO CHI MINH CITY - NOVEMBER 2023 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE STATE BANK OF VIETNAM BANKING UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY NGUYEN VAN TUNG ACCESS TO CAPITAL AND GROWTH OF VIETNAMESE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Major: Finance and Banking Code: 9 34 02 01 Academic Advisor: Assoc. HA VAN DUNG HO CHI MINH CITY - NOVEMBER 2023 i DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that the thesis "Access to capital and growth of Vietnamese small and medium enterprises" has never been reported for a PhD degree at any training institution. This is the author's own research work. The data and research results of the thesis have clear and honest origins.
Content quoted from other research documents is fully cited. Ho Chi Minh City, November 14, 2023 Author Nguyen Van Tung ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, I would like to respectfully express my deep gratitude to my science instructor, Assoc. Ha Van Dung, who enthusiastically guided and encouraged me throughout the process of conducting research and completing this thesis. I would like to convey my heartfelt appreciation to the School Board of Directors and the professors personally instructing NCS 24 class, who have passionately imparted significant knowledge and experience during the course.
I would also like to respectfully thank the teachers of the postgraduate faculty, especially the associate professors. Le Dinh Hac and Ms. Vu Thi Thu Ha enthusiastically supported and created the best conditions throughout the process of studying and implementing my thesis. Finally, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my colleagues working at Banking University and my family for encouraging and helping me a lot throughout the process of implementing and completing the thesis.
Ho Chi Minh City, November 14, 2023 Nguyen Van Tung iii ABSTRACT There have been many studies concluding that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have difficulty accessing capital, as well as suggesting that the "capital supply" side and the authorities need to create better conditions to support capital loans to SMEs. However, what about enterprises (the "demand side")? In fact, there are businesses that are still passive, not ready to take advantage of loans, or that have used loans that have not yielded good results. If the core goal of each business is to make profit, then, from the perspective of the overall economy, it is even more important for the business to contribute to the labor market and the market for goods and services. In order for a business to become large, it must go through a process of transformation.
Growth begins with a small unit. Therefore, the topic "Access to capital and growth of Vietnamese small and medium enterprises" was carried out to study the impact of capital access and environmental factors on the growth of SMEs in Vietnam, contributing to supplementary research documents on enterprise growth and related policy implications. The topic has analyzed the current situation of Vietnamese SMEs in the period 2005– 2021, using the Bayesian estimation method with the support of Stata 17.0 software to study the impact of factors on business growth. The sample of data extracted according to the identification code of each enterprise over the years from 2005 to 2015 was 2,073 enterprises.
Using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation technique and selecting Gibbs and Metropolis-Hastings samples on a panel dataset with an observed sample of 4,256, the results show that debt has a positive effect on firm labor and revenue growth. Equity has a positive effect on firm asset growth. In addition, the study also found that the size and age of the enterprise, the level of education and training of the entrepreneur, and the export and industry factors all have an impact on the growth of the enterprise. Keywords: SMEs growth, equity, liability, Bayes, Vietnam iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP.
iii LIST OF ACRONYMS. vii LIST OF TABLES. viii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION .1 REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE TOPIC .4 OBJECT AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY .6 NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS .2 In terms of practice .7 CONTENT LAYOUT OF THE THESIS. 5 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 1.
5 Chapter 2: THEORETICAL OVERVIEW .1 Growth theory is based on the boundary theory of the firm .2 Growth theory is based on the life cycle .3 Growth theory is based on gene combinations .4 Measuring enterprise growth .3 ACCESS TO CAPITAL.1 Definition of access to capital .2 Measuring access to capital .4 IMPACT OF ACCESS TO CAPITAL ON ENTERPRISE GROWTH .5 IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON ENTERPRISE GROWTH11 2.6 RELATED EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES .7 DISCUSSING SCIENCE GAPS. 12 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 2. 13 Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODS .1 ESTABLISH HYPOTHESES AND RESEARCH MODEL .1 Descriptive statistics method .1 Theory of Bayesian statistics. 18 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 3.
19 Chapter 4: RESEARCH RESULTS .1 RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH RESULTS .1 Bayesian simulation results .2 Bayesian estimation results tests .2 DISCUSS RESEARCH RESULTS .1 The impact of capital access on business growth.2 The impact of environmental factors on enterprise growth. 26 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 4. 27 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION AND POLICY SUGGESTIONS. The impact of capital access on the growth of SMEs in Vietnam .2 The impact of environmental factors on the growth of SMEs in Vietnam .2 For the banking system and credit institutions .3 For relevant authorities.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE THESIS.
32 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 5. i PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS RELATED TO THE THESIS. ix vii LIST OF ACRONYMS Acronyms English meaning ADB Asian Development Bank BF Bayes Factor BKHĐT Ministry of Planning and Investment CIEM Central Institute for Economic Management DOE Department of Economics of the University of Copenhagen. id Identification ILSSA Institute of Labor Science and Social Affairs OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development UNU-WIDER United Nations University Institute for World Development Economics VCCI Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry WB World Bank viii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Results of impact trends of equity and debt .2: Bayesian simulation results of labor growth model .3: Bayesian simulation results of revenue growth .4: Bayesian simulation results of asset growth model .5: Posterior probability of labor growth model .6: Posterior probability of revenue growth model.7: Posterior probability of asset growth model .8: Comparison of research results with research expectations .1 REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE TOPIC According to the World Bank (2021), small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in most economies, especially in developing countries, representing about 90% of enterprises (DN) and more than 50% of jobs worldwide, contributing up to 40% of GDP and creating 7/10 jobs in emerging economies.
For OECD countries, the number of SMEs accounts for about 99% with a GDP value of nearly 60% (OECD, 2019). SMEs have been the main source of job creation world wide over the past two decades (Mateev and Anastasov, 2010). Vietnamese SMEs also have the same characteristics as SMEs in the world and play an important role in the national economy, accounting for 96% of the total number of companies in the country, employing 47% of the labor force and accounting for 36% of the country's added value, accounting for 88% of export enterprises and about half of export volume (OECD, 2021). According to the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MKHDT, 2022), on average in the period 2016 - 2020, SMEs accounted for 97.2% of the total number of enterprises in the country, attracting 38.8% of the total number of employees in all enterprises nationwide, attracting 31% of the total capital of all enterprises, and generating 6,351 million billion VND in net revenue, reaching 27.6% of the revenue of the entire enterprise.
Despite making a great contribution to the economy, SMEs are currently under many difficult pressures. According to IFC (2017), 40% of formal micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in developing countries have an unmet financial need of $5.2 trillion per year. In developing countries, SMEs account for more than half of all formal employment. But these businesses often struggle to obtain the financial resources needed to grow and create jobs (IFC, 2021).
This result is also consistent with the views of OECD (2019), ADB (2014), Beck and Demirguc-Kunt (2006), Oliveira and Fortunato (2006). Mueller and Zimmermann (2008), argue that challenges in accessing finance, credit limitations, lack of equity and loan capital are the main obstacles to the survival and growth of SMEs in the world. According to the results of the 2021 Competitiveness Survey of Vietnamese Localities (PCI 2021) by the Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry - VCCI, 47% of surveyed businesses responded that they had difficulty accessing capital. There are 33% of domestic private enterprises and 18% of FDI enterprises cutting the number of employees with a reduction rate of 50% and 17% of the workforce, respectively.
For exporting FDI enterprises, the rate of labor reduction is even higher. The biggest concern of domestically oriented private 2 enterprises is the lack of cash flow (VCCI, 2021). With the current situation of SMEs facing many difficulties in accessing capital and the trend of banks applying Basel treaties, at the same time the world is currently experiencing an economic crisis due to the Covid-19 pandemic, access to loans is difficult. But to access capital to achieve the goal, there must be active movement from both sides: "supply" and "demand" of capital.
There have been many comments that management agencies and capital providers need to create better conditions for businesses to obtain capital. But what about the businesses themselves, the capital "demand" side? Have businesses shown their readiness to access and use accessible capital effectively? Vietnamese SMEs are considered to be creative, responsive and dynamic in bringing ideas to the market. However, Vietnamese SMEs are characterized by limited spending on research and development, and enterprise innovation has a "frugal nature" such as making small modifications to existing products to help customers. are more accessible to low-income people (OECD, 2021).
And this is also one of the characteristics that need to be studied. Therefore, the topic "Access to capital and growth of Vietnamese small and medium enterprises" was carried out to study the impact of capital access and environmental factors on the growth of SMEs in Vietnam, contributing the section supplements research documents on enterprise growth and related policy implications.1 General goals The general goal is to study the impact of capital access and environmental factors on the growth of SMEs in Vietnam, thereby suggesting policies related to capital access and environmental factors for growth.2 Specific goals (1) Research the impact of access to capital on the growth of SMEs in Vietnam. (2) Research the impact of environmental factors on the growth of SMEs in Vietnam. (3) Policy comments related to capital access and environmental factors in the growth of Vietnamese SMEs.3 RESEARCH QUESTION To achieve the goal, the topic needs to answer the following questions: (1) Does access to capital impact the growth of SMEs in Vietnam? What is the trend and level of impact? (2) How do environmental factors impact the growth of SMEs in Vietnam? 3 (3) What suggestions are needed for policies related to capital access and environmental factors in the growth of SMEs in Vietnam? 1.4 OBJECT AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.1 Research subjects Research the impact of capital access and environmental factors on the growth of SMEs in Vietnam.2 Research scope - About research content: For enterprise growth indicators: Based on enterprise growth theories (Coase, 1937; Penrose, 2009; Gouillart and Kelly, 1995; Freel and Robson, 2004; Delmar, 1997), the topic is included in the research model.
Research three indicators: labor growth, revenue growth, and enterprise asset growth.