The Integration of ASEAN5 Equity Markets, GDP and Trade and their Relationships with Asset Pricing A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Zarina Md Nor B. (Hons) Management, MBA School of Economics, Finance and Marketing RMIT University March 2009 DECLARATION I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; the content of thesis is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of approved research program; and any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged. Signed: Zarina Md Nor March 2009 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this thesis marked the end of my journey as a PhD student in this beautiful city of Melbourne, Australia. After spending almost four years of invaluable learning and life experiences, I realize that I have come so far to be what I am today.
As such, it is an honour for me to acknowledge contributions, support, encouragement, and love that I have received in abundance, from beautiful people around me in Australia and from Malaysia. I would like to start by thanking my sponsors, the Malaysian government and University Sains Malaysia, for awarding me a second chance to this life-changing opportunity. Without their sponsorship, I would not be here in the first place. This opportunity has given me a chance to serve my beloved country from a better platform.
My deepest gratitude and respect to my main supervisor, Professor Richard A. Heaney, for his unending patience, guidance and encouragement throughout my time as his student. “I am blessed to be one of your students, Sir. I learned so much from you and my gratitude is beyond words”.
I would like to thank my second supervisor, Dr George Tawadros, for his valuable opinions and comments on my thesis. To my consultant and a dear friend, Associate Professor Dr Heather Mitchell, my heartfelt appreciation to her for allowing me to attend her econometric classes, her assistance, and for being such an inspiring person too. I would like to thank Sam Oliphant for providing me with her professional editing service. Her 30 years of editing experience helps to ensure the completeness and consistency of my thesis.
To my beloved mother Hjh Minah binti Jantan, and my father, Hj Md Nor bin Jaiman, I indebted my life to them. They had shown me how important is education in ones life when they hadn’t got that chance themselves. My mother, a strong woman she was, had taught me to be a survivor and a fighter. How I wish they were still around to share my life and to be proud of their only daughter.
To my beautiful daughter, Zahirah Eizzaty, who has been my rock since the day she was born, I am so blessed to have her by my side. Her smile, her laugh and her tears, I cannot live without. “Thank you Darling, for your hugs and kisses when Mummy needs one”. A lot of love to my brother, Mohd Zaini, and his family for their sacrifices and always be there for me.
I extend my love and gratitude to my iii extended family members, who have showered me with their prayers for my success, in particular to my uncle, Hj Md Yasin Saleh, and my aunts, Hjh Maimunah Ismail, Hjh Alimah Ahmad and Che Wa Jaiman. True friendship is scarce, but throughout my life, I have been blessed by so many good friends, and come to know good people whom had accepted me as I am. They trust me when I doubt myself, they giving me hope when I seem to lose one and they give me love to keep on fighting. All of them hold a dear place in my heart.
While all of them are special, I will not be able to name them all here though I would like to convey my warmest gratitude to Zubaidah Mohd Sultan, Murzi Ibrahim, Aniza Abu Hassan, Dr Fadzilah Amzah, Bahiyah Omar, and their respective families, Pn Hassnah Ishak, Dr Azizah Omar, Pn Suhaida Kamalul Arifin, and Pn Suriati Shariff. My heartfelt gratitude also goes to Dr Aznan Ahmad. A special thank to Mr Michael Gardner for giving me a chance to work at his shop (Uniphone) and for being a family friend too. A special note to my dear friends that I had come to know in Australia, Jeffery, Frieda, Mamiza, Shams, Silvia, Noo, Hoa, Ahmed and Rachel.
I really cherish the friendship that they have been sharing with me through happiness and sorrow. I love you all and we will keep this friendship alive even though we are thousands of miles away. Above all, “ALHAMDULILLAH” to the Almighty Allah for all His blessings. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 .2 Contributions of the thesis.4 Objectives of the study .2 International equity market linkages .3 Literature on GDP .4 Literature on trade links.5 Literature on asset pricing .2 Unit root tests .3 Tests for cointegration .5 Asset pricing and macro factors .2 Data for ASEAN5 equity markets .3 Data for ASEAN5 GDP.4 Data for ASEAN5 trade.5 ASEAN5 asset pricing.
33 ASEAN5 EQUITY MARKET LINKAGES .2 Results and discussion .1 Statistical characteristics of the series .2 Unit root tests .3 ASEAN5 cointegration tests.4 The vector error correction models (VECMs). 56 ASEAN5 GDP LINKS .2 Results and discussion .2 Unit root tests .4 Vector error correction models (VECMs) .5 Implication of the results .2 ASEAN5 trade characteristics .1 Intra-ASEAN5 trade .2 Intra-ASEAN5 trade relative to each ASEAN5 member’s global trade .3 Percentage of each member’s intra-ASEAN5 trade relative to total intra- ASEAN5 trade.4 Percentage of ASEAN5 trade relative to world trade.3 Results and discussion .1 Statistical characteristics of the series .2 Unit root tests .4 Vector error correction models (VECMs). 125 ASEAN5 ASSET PRICING FOR SIZE-BTME AND INDUSTRY PORTFOLIOS.2 Summary statistics for variables. 154 ASEAN5: ASSET PRICING AND MACRO FACTORS.3 Correlations of the explanatory variables.4 Multifactor regression results .5 Regressions of the four-factor models with single macro factors .1 Macro factors for Malaysia .2 Macro-factor models for Singapore.3 Macro-factor models for Thailand.4 Macro-factor models for Indonesia .5 Macro-factor models for the Philippines .2 Limitations of study.3 Suggestions for further studies.
186 vii LIST OF TABLES List of Tables for Chapter 5 Table 5 - 1 Descriptive statistics of market returns. 37 Table 5 - 2 Correlation matrix of equity market returns. 40 Table 5 - 4 Unit root tests. 42 Table 5 - 5 Johansen’s cointegration test results.
44 Table 5 - 6 Speed of adjustment parameters for ASEAN5 VECMs. 46 Table 5 - 7 Temporal causality results for ASEAN5. 47 Table 5 - 8 Speed of adjustment parameters for ASEAN5 + USA + Japan + Australia. 49 Table 5 - 9 Speed of adjustment parameters for ASEAN5 + Japan and Australia + US returns (as an exogenous variable).
50 Table 5 - 10 Temporal causality for ASEAN5, US, Japan and Australia. 51 Table 5 - 11Temporal causality for ASEAN5 + Japan and Australia + US returns (as an exogenous variable). 53 List of Tables for Chapter 6 Table 6 - 1 Descriptive statistics of GDP growth. 58 Table 6 - 2 Correlations of GDP growth.
61 Table 6 - 3 Autocorrelation of log GDP at levels and 1st differences. 63 Table 6 - 4 Unit root tests for GDP in real USD. 65 Table 6 - 5 Unit root tests for GDP in nominal USD. 66 Table 6 - 6 Cointegration tests for real and nominal GDP with no adjustment for seasonal or crash effects.
69 Table 6 - 7 Cointegration tests for real and nominal GDP with seasonal and crash period adjustment. 70 Table 6 - 8 VECM: Speed of adjustment. 71 Table 6 - 9 Temporal causality from VECMs for real GDP. 73 Table 6 - 10 Temporal causality from VECMs in nominal GDP.
75 List of Tables for Chapter 7 Table 7 - 1 Correlation between intra-ASEAN5 real imports and exports .82 Table 7 - 2 Share of each member’s intra-ASEAN5 trade relative to their total trade .85 Table 7 - 3 Each member’s average trade share of total intra-ASEAN5 trade .87 Table 7 - 4 ASEAN5 average import and export share of global trade.90 Table 7 - 5 Descriptive statistics .92 Table 7 - 6 Correlation matrices .97 Table 7 - 8 Unit root tests .100 Table 7 - 9 Unit root test: ADF with seasonal and crisis period adjustment.103 Table 7 - 10 Cointegration test between imports and exports for each ASEAN5 member 105 Table 7 - 11 Johansen cointegration test for ASEAN5 total trade .106 Table 7 - 12 Johansen cointegration test for ASEAN5 imports .106 Table 7 - 13 Johansen cointegration test for ASEAN5 exports.107 Table 7 - 14 VECMs and VAR for each of ASEAN5 imports and exports .109 Table 7 - 15 VECM: Error correction term for total trade .115 Table 7 - 16 VECM: Error correction term for ASEAN5 exports .116 viii Table 7 - 17 Temporal causality for total trade .118 Table 7 - 18 Temporal causality for ASEAN5 imports.120 Table 7 - 19 Temporal causality for ASEAN5 exports .122 List of Tables for Chapter 8 Table 8 - 1 Summary statistics for dependent and explanatory returns of the portfolios for Malaysia. 127 Table 8 - 2 Summary statistics for dependent and explanatory returns of the portfolios for Singapore. 128 Table 8 - 3 Summary statistics for dependent and explanatory returns of the portfolios for Thailand. 129 Table 8 - 4 Summary statistics for dependent and explanatory returns of the portfolios for Indonesia.
130 Table 8 - 5 Summary statistics for dependent and explanatory returns of the portfolios for the Philippines. 131 Table 8 - 6 Correlation for explanatory variables of the regression models. 132 Table 8 - 7 Regression analysis of the CAPM for Malaysia. 134 Table 8 - 8 Regression analysis of the four-factor model for Malaysia.
135 Table 8 - 9 Regression analysis of the CAPM for Singapore. 138 Table 8 - 10 Regression analysis of the four-factor model for Singapore. 140 Table 8 - 11 Regression analysis of the CAPM for Thailand. 142 Table 8 - 12 Regression analysis of the four-factor model for Thailand.
143 Table 8 - 13 Regression analysis of the CAPM for Indonesia. 144 Table 8 - 14 Regression analysis of the four-factor model for the stock market of Indonesia. 146 Table 8 - 15 Regression analysis of the CAPM for the Philippines. 147 Table 8 - 16 Regression analysis of the four-factor model for the Philippines.
149 Table 8 - 17 SURE model based tests for coefficient restrictions on four-factor model. 151 List of Tables for Chapter 9 Table 9 - 1 Correlations among explanatory variables for Malaysia. 156 Table 9 - 2 Correlations among explanatory variables for Singapore. 156 Table 9 - 3 Correlations among explanatory variables for Thailand.
157 Table 9 - 4 Correlations among explanatory variables for Indonesia. 157 Table 9 - 5 Correlations among explanatory variables for the Philippines. 158 Table 9 - 6 Regressions of the four-factor model with macro variables for Malaysia. 160 Table 9 - 7 Regressions of the four-factor model with macro variables for Singapore.
162 Table 9 - 8 Regressions of the four-factor model with macro variables for Thailand. 164 Table 9 - 9 Regressions of the four-factor model with macro variables for Indonesia. 166 Table 9 - 10 Regressions of the four-factor model with macro variables for the Philippines. 168 Table 9 - 11 Regressions of the four-factor model with single macro factor for Malaysia .