Tai Lieu Chat Luong 0 Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page i THE ROAD TO WAR 0 Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page ii Contemporary France General Editor: Jolyon Howorth, University of Bath Volume 1 Humanity’s Soldier: France and International Security, 1919–2001 David Chuter Volume 2 The Road to War: France and Vietnam, 1944–1947 Martin Shipway Volume 3 France at War in the Twentieth Century: Propaganda, Myth and Metaphor Edited by Valerie Holman and Deborah Kelly Volume 4 Recollections of France: The Past, Heritage and Memories Edited by Sarah Blowen, Marion Demossier and Jeanine Picard Volume 5 Party, Society and Government: Republican Democracy in France David Hanley Volume 6 The Shaping of Environmental Policy in France Joseph Szarka 0 Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page iii THE ROAD TO WAR France and Vietnam, 1944–1947 ; Martin Shipway Berghahn Books New York. Oxford 0 Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page iv First published in 1996 Second printing 1999 Paperback edition in 2003 by Berghahn Books www.com © 1996,1999, 2003 Martin Shipway All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the written permission of Berghahn Books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shipway, Martin.
The road to war : France and Vietnam, 1944–1947 / by Martin Shipway. -- (Contemporary France) Includes bibliographical references and index.7'03--dc20 96-24310 CIP British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Printed in the United States on acid-free paper 0 Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page v For my mother and father 0 Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page vi 0 Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page vii CONTENTS ; Acknowledgements ix Note on Text xi Abbreviations Map of Indochina, 1945 xiii Introduction 1 Part I The External and Domestic Parameters of Colonial Policy Making 1. The Brazzaville Conference and Its Origins, 11 1940–1944: Policy Formulation and Myth Making on the Congo 2.
The Republic Strikes Back, 1944–1945: 41 Brazzaville Policy and the Metropolitan Critique 3. ‘We Are in the Midst of Colonial Crisis’: 64 The Response to International and Colonial Change 4. The Domestic Parameters of Colonial Policy Making 84 After the Liberation, 1944–1946 Part II Policy Making in Indochina and Its Breakdown, 1945–1947 5. Calculating the Stakes: Brazzaville Policy and 115 the ‘Return’ to Indochina, December 1943– September 1945 0 Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page viii viii | Contents 6.
The Primacy of Action: From the ‘Return’ to Saigon, 150 October 1945, to the Signing of the Accords of 6 March 1946 7. Who Rules: Paris or Saigon? The Dalat Conference 177 and the Cochinchina Policy, March–June 1946 8. ‘A Round of the Battle We Are Fighting’: 200 The Fontainebleau Conference, June–September 1946 9. The Narrowing of French Policy Options, 222 Autumn 1946: The Accords Policy Abandoned? 10.
‘The Tonkin Vespers’, December 1946: 248 Burying the Accords Policy Conclusion 273 Appendix I: The Administrative Structure of the 280 French Empire, 1945 Appendix II: Chronology of Events in France and 282 Indochina, 1944–1947 Bibliography 287 Index 296 0 Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ; S ince I began the research which has found its way into this book, I have accumulated many debts, and been at the receiv- ing end of much kindness and hospitality. I hope that over time I may be able to repay at least a fair proportion of these debts; my benefactors may be assured that I am a grateful debtor. My most particular thanks go to my two successive doctoral supervisors, John Darwin and Vincent Wright, both of Nuffield College. Their advice, interest, and support kept me going through- out the somewhat prolonged gestation of my doctoral thesis, and I am grateful for their continuing encouragement.
My work has benefited enormously from their wisdom and expertise, though I have no doubt I could have learnt far more from their example. I am also grateful to my examiners, Professor Douglas Johnson and, especially, David Goldey, for their sympathetic treatment of the work which lies behind the present volume. I have greatly appre- ciated the interest shown in my work, in the shape of invitations to give papers, by Robert Holland, Institute of Commonwealth Stud- ies, London; Ralph Smith, School of Oriental and African Studies, London; Marc Michel, Institut d’Histoire Comparée de Civilisa- tions, Aix-en-Provence; and Tony Chafer, Amanda Sackur, et al., University of Portsmouth. I have received much help from the staff of libraries and archives in Oxford, Paris, London, and Bath; but I am especially grateful to the staff of the Centre des Archives d’Outre-Mer in Aix-en-Provence, who have contributed to a num- ber of highly productive and enjoyable research trips.
Many friends have helped and supported me with this project. I must particularly mention Stein Tønnesson, a far more serious scholar of Vietnam than I could aspire to be, to whom I owe my initial interest in Indochina. He most generously shared with me some of his finds from the nether reaches of the archives; my debt 0 Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page x x | Acknowledgements here was compounded by the fact that I was subsequently unable to gain access to those same archives (see Bibliography). For mem- ories of a now-distant summer in Aix I have to thank Stein and many others, not least the irrepressibly hospitable Olivier Verg- niot.
Amongst my friends in Oxford, it was perhaps Simon Auer- bach who was most supportive to me in this project, not least by demonstrating in person how to finish a doctorate. My love of France, and interest in all things French, I owe in the first instance to my oldest French friend, Jean Le Noac’h. The present work was largely produced while I was a Lecturer in the School of Modern Languages and International Studies, Uni- versity of Bath. From my erstwhile colleague and present friend Claire Duchen (now translated to Sussex) I gratefully acquired many of the tools of my trade, and to Bill Brooks I owe many things, not least a probably quite healthy taste for the ironies of University life.
I would also like to acknowledge the support and encouragement of Professor Jolyon Howorth in backing my research, and to thank him as Series Editor for his guidance. Of course, neither he nor anyone but myself bears any responsibility for the deficiencies of what follows. Finally, the person whose love, patience, and enthusiasm have made this work possible, and even enjoyable, is Mary Anne Ansell. To her, Victoria, and Jenna, for their moral support, good humour, and friendly disparagement, I offer my special thanks.
Birkbeck College Martin Shipway University of London 1996 0 Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page xi NOTE ON TEXT ; F or the sake of the English reader, all French sources have been translated by the author. However, it was felt that the spirit of the French sources was often of sufficient interest to warrant inclu- sion of the original, which is therefore reproduced in the Notes. No attempt is made to reproduce diacritics in Vietnamese names. French and Vietnamese abbreviations are used throughout, rather than an artificial and often misleading translation.
In what follows a ‘straight’ translation of abbreviated names is provided; the reader is referred to the term’s first appearance in the text for fur- ther clarification. Abbreviations AEF Afrique Equatoriale Française (French Equatorial Africa) AOF Afrique Occidentale Française (French West Africa) CEFEO Corps Expéditionnaire Français en Extrême-Orient (French Far East Expeditionary Corps) CFLN Comité Français de la Libération Nationale (French Committee of National Liberation) CNF Comité National Français (French National Committee) CNR Conseil National de la Résistance (National Council of the Resistance) Cominindo Comité Interministériel de l’Indochine (Interministerial Committee on Indochina) DAE Direction des Affaires Economiques (Economic Affairs Division) DAP Direction des Affaires Politiques (Political Affairs Division) DGER Direction Générale des Etudes et Recherches (General Directorate for Studies and Research) DIC Division de l’Infanterie Coloniale (Division of Colonial Infantry) DOM Département d’Outre-Mer (Overseas Department) 0 Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page xii xii | Abbreviations Dong Minh Hoi Viet Nam Cach Menh Dong Minh Hoi (League of Revolution- ary Vietnamese Parties) EMGDN Etat-Major Général de la Défense Nationale (General Staff for National Defence) ENFOM Ecole Nationale de la France d’Outre-Mer (National Academy for Overseas France) FFI Forces Françaises de l’Intérieur (French Forces of the Inferior) FIDES Fonds d’Investissement pour le Développement Economique et Social (Investment Fund for Social and Economic Development) FOM Ministère de la France d’Outre-Mer (Ministry for Overseas France) FTP Francs-tireurs et Partisans Français (French Irregulars and Partisans) GEC Groupe d’Etudes Communistes (Group of Communist Studies) GPRF Gouvernement Provisoire de la République Française (Provi- sional Government of the French Republic) Haussaire Haut-Commissaire (High Commissioner) MDRM Mouvement Démocratique pour la Rénovation Malgache (Democratic Movement of Malagasy Renewal) MRP Mouvement Républicain Populaire (People’s Republican Movement) OSS Office of Strategic Services PCF Parti Communiste Français (French Communist Party) PCI Parti Communiste Indochinois (Indochinese Communist Party) PRL Parti Républicain de la Liberté (Republican Freedom Party) SFIO Section Française de l’Internationale Ouvrière (French Section of the Workers’ International) UDSR Union Démocratique et Sociale de la Résistance (Social and Democratic Union of the Resistance) Viet Minh Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi (League for the Indepen- dence of Vietnam) VNQDD Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang (Vietnamese National Party) NB. For abbreviations used in citations of archival sources, see Bibliography. 0 Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page xiii Indochina, 1945 0 Prelims 11/15/02 5:39 PM Page xiv 00 Intro 11/15/02 5:49 PM Page 1 INTRODUCTION ; F rance’s experience of decolonisation has generally been stud- ied from published sources in terms of the ‘wars, plots and scandals’ dominating French post-war history up to Algerian independence in 1962.
However, with the gradual opening of the archives, it is becoming possible to investigate the process from the inside, from the perspective of the policy-making elites. Based on archival sources in France (diplomatic and colonial archives, published official papers and memoirs, private papers), this is a study of the role and intentions of policy makers in the French higher administration, and especially in the Ministry of Colonies,1 during the crucial period of Provisional Government in Paris (1944–1947). The focus is on the crucial case of Indochina, where the French ‘return’ following the defeat of Japan led within little more than a year to full-scale war between the French colonial regime and Ho Chi Minh’s Democratic Republic of Vietnam. This marked the start of seventeen years of colonial war for France, the climax of which caused the downfall of the Fourth Republic in 1958.
In Indochina it opened the first round of a thirty-year war of liberation from foreign domination and civil war. Indochina was the richest and most populous of France’s colo- nial possessions; it was also by force of historical circumstance the most pressing issue facing colonial policy makers at the close of the Second World War. For both these reasons, it was seen by offi- cials in Paris as a test-case, and in many ways even as a model, for determining not only the constitutional, political and administra- tive shape of the French colonial empire, renamed the French Union (Union Française), but also the nature of France’s relations with the emerging forces of colonial nationalism. Renamed the Ministry for Overseas France (Ministère de la France d’Outre- Mer) when Marius Moutet became Minister in January 1946.
00 Intro 11/15/02 5:49 PM Page 2 2 | The Road to War exemplified most clearly in this period the dilemma facing the colonial administration. On the one hand, a new generation of lib- eral colonial officials identified the French Union as the means of French restoration to the first rank of Great Powers following the humiliations of the Second World War. This concern was particu- larly keenly felt given the fact that many of these officials were early supporters of General de Gaulle (gaullistes de la première heure) in those colonies of French Equatorial Africa and elsewhere which ‘rallied’ to de Gaulle in 1940.