Áåðåñòîâà ENGLISH GRAMMAR REFERENCE & PRACTICE THE VERBALS with keys Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå äëÿ ó÷àùèõñÿ êëàññîâ ñ óãëóáëåííûì èçó÷åíèåì àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà è ñòóäåíòîâ íåÿçûêîâûõ âóçîâ Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã 2008 ÁÁÊ 81.420 (075) Ä75 Ïî âîïðîñàì ïðèîáðåòåíèÿ ïðîäóêöèè èçäàòåëüñòâà îáðàùàéòåñü: ÎÎÎ «Àíòîëîãèÿ òðýéä»: òåë.: +7 (911) 812-55-66 e-mail: sales@anthology.ru Èíòåðíåò-ìàãàçèí www.ru Äðîçäîâà Ò. Ä75 The Verbals : Reference & Practice : ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå äëÿ ó÷àùèõñÿ êëàññîâ ñ óãëóáëåííûì èçó÷åíèåì àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà è ñòóäåíòîâ íåÿçûêîâûõ âóçîâ. ISBN 978-5-94962-048-9 Ïîñîáèå çíàêîìèò ñî ñëîæíûìè ãëàãîëüíûìè ôîðìàìè: ãåðóíäèåì, èíôèíèòèâîì è ïðè÷àñòèåì. Êíèãà ñîäåðæèò ðàçäåë The Keys îòâåòû íà çàäàíèÿ., 2002 ISBN 978-5-94962-048-9 © ÎÎÎ «Àíòîëîãèÿ», 2008 ÎÒ ÀÂÒÎÐΠÝòî èçäàíèå ïðåäíàçíà÷åíî äëÿ òåõ, êòî îñâîèë îñíîâíûå ðàçäåëû àíãëèéñêîé ãðàììàòèêè è ãîòîâ ê èçó÷åíèþ áîëåå ñëîæíûõ ñòðóêòóð.
The Verbals ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîäîëæåíèåì ó÷åáíèêà English Grammar: Reference and Practice è ïîëíîñòüþ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò åìó ïî ñòðóêòóðå è ìåòîäèêå ïîäà÷è ìàòå- ðèàëà. Ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå ïðàâèëà èçëîæåíû â äîñòóïíîé è íàãëÿäíîé ôîðìå â âèäå òàáëèö, ñõåì è ìîäåëåé ñ îïîðîé íà ðîäíîé ÿçûê. Ïðè îáúÿñíåíèè ìàòåðèàëà â íåì òàêæå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ îðèãèíàëüíàÿ ñîïîñòàâèòåëüíàÿ ìåòîäèêà. Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå The Verbals âêëþ÷àåò òðè ðàçäåëà: the Gerund, the Infinitive, the Participle, Ïðèëîæåíèå è Îòâåòû-êëþ÷è ê áîëüøèíñòâó óïðàæíåíèé.
Òàê æå êàê è â English Grammar óïðàæíåíèÿ ïîñòðîåíû ïî ïðèíöèïó íàðàñòàíèÿ ÿçûêîâûõ òðóäíîñòåé è ïðåäíàçíà÷åíû äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ íà÷èíàþùèõ (À), ïðîäîëæàþùèõ (Â) è ïðî- äâèíóòûõ (Ñ) ãðóïï. Tense/Voice Distinctions .2 The Use of the Gerund .3 Verbs Used with the Gerund and the Infinitive .4 The Gerundial Construction .5 The Gerund and the Verbal Noun. Tense/Voice Distinctions .2 The Use of the Infinitive without the Particle to.3 The Functions of the Infinitive in the Sentence .4 The Infinitive Constructions .1 The Complex Object .2 The Complex Subject .3 The For-to-Infinitive Construction .1 Forms and Functions .2 The Functions of the Participle in a Sentence .3 Russian Equivalents of Participles Used as Attributes .4 Russian Equivalents of Participles Used as Adverbial Modifiers .5 Have Something Done .6 The Absolute Participial Construction. List of Irregular Verbs.
Irregular Verbs Difficult Cases. Regular Verbs: Spelling Rules. Verbs Followed by the Infinitive. 109 THE VERBALS (the Non-Finite Forms of the Verb) The verb has finite and non-finite forms, the latter being also called the Verbals.
The Verbals dont express person, number or mood, that is why they cant be used as the predicate of a sentence. There are three verbals in English: the Gerund, the Infinitive and the Participle. In Russian we also have three non-finite forms, but they do not fully coincide with those in the English language (ïðè÷àñòèå, äååïðè÷àñòèå, èíôèíèòèâ). TENSE/VOICE DISTINCTIONS Active Passive Indefinite writing being written Perfect having written having been written (for Spelling Rules see Appendix 1) Like the finite forms the verbals have tense and voice distinctions, but their tense distinctions differ from those of the finite verbs.
THE TENSE DISTINCTIONS OF THE GERUND ARE RELATIVE: The Indefinite Gerund The Perfect Gerund denotes an action simultaneous with denotes an action prior to that of the that of the predicate predicate r He avoided making the same r He admitted having made the mistake. Prior action is not always expressed by a Perfect Gerund. In some cases we find an Indefinite Gerund. After the verbs: remember, excuse, forgive, thank.
After the prepositions: on (upon), after, without. r I dont remember hearing the legend before. r You must excuse my not answering you before. The Gerund has special forms for the Active and Passive Voice: r He liked neither reading nor being read to.
After the verbs: want, need, deserve, require, be worth the Gerund is used in the active form though it is passive in meaning: r The room needs painting. r The film is worth seeing. r The child deserves praising.2 THE USE OF THE GERUND In modern English the Gerund is widely used and competes with the Infinitive. The Gerund is always used after: 1.
Verbs followed by prepositions: accuse of object to r They succeeded in finding a good flat. apologize for persist in r Can you stop the child from getting approve of prevent from into mischief? blame smb for result in r Thank you for coming. forgive for stop from r He was accused of having broken congratulate on succeed in the law. count on suspend smb of r I insisted on his coming with us.
depend on thank for r Who is to blame for starting the fire? hear of think of r Are you thinking of buying a house? inform of r I apologize for being so awkward. Nouns used with prepositions: art of opportunity of r He has no intention of staying. chance of plan for r The importance of being earnest. difficulty (in) point in/of r There is no chance of winning.
experience in preparation for r We had no opportunity of meeting habit of process of interesting people there. harm of purpose of r I have no experience in building idea of reason for houses. importance of right of r There are different ways of solving interest in sense of this problem. means of skill in r Do you have any reason for saying mistake of way of such a thing? 3.
Phrasal verbs: burst out leave off r He gave up smoking two years ago. give up keep on r She kept on interrupting me while go on put off, etc I was speaking. Such verbs as: avoid involve r Would you mind closing the door? consider justify r He denied having seen this man delay mind before. deny miss r You can hardly avoid meeting her.
escape postpone r Weve just missed having nasty excuse practise accident. fancy recall r They postponed sending an answer finish recollect to the request. forgive resent r My work involves filing and typing include risk letters. r Ill risk trying my hand in it.
Word combinations: be afraid of be guilty of r There is no use crying over spilt be angry for be interested in milk. 7 be aware of be keen on r He didnt feel like going out. be bored with be pleased at r He couldnt help laughing. be busy be proud of r She was afraid of falling.
be capable of be slow at r He is slow at doing sums. be clever at be sorry for r He is interested in developing the be disappointed at be sure of project. be engaged in be surprised at r Shell be sorry for being rude. be fond of be worried about r He is proud of having won the be good/clever at be worth chess tournament.
be grateful for be responsible for r He was surprised at having been cant stand/bear be no good asked about it. feel like be no use r Its no use worrying about it. There have difficulty in is nothing you can do. r Did you have any difficulty in getting a visa? 6.
Prepositions after in spite of r They ran five miles without stopping. before on r Before going to bed she locked the besides without door. instead of by r John went to his office in spite of being ill. After the verbs come and go we often use the Gerund related to outdoor activities: climbing, driving, fishing, riding, sailing, shopping, skiing, walking, etc: r Why dont you come sailing with us? r Lets go skiing! 2.
The following verbs always have a direct object: catch, find, notice, observe, see: r Id better not catch you doing that again! 3. It is necessary to distinguish two particularly confusing verb phrases, used to and be used to: Used to + Infinitive Be Used to + Noun/Gerund Used to + Infinitive refers to habitual The phrase is parallel in structure to to be action in the past, and used to can not be interested in, and it is possible to put a followed by a noun (or a gerund): noun after to: r When I was in England, I used to eat r Im used to his curious ways. r Im used to hearing about the odd things he does. Used to is a fixed idiom and is not used in The verb to be in to be used to can be any other tense.
used in any appropriate tense. To be used to suggests familiarity through a repetition of the activitity or occurrence; it does not state the existence of a habit as such. Translate the sentences from English into Russian. Could you please stop making so much noise? 2.
I dont enjoy writing letters. Does your work involve meeting a lot of people? 4. I considered taking the job but in the end I decided against it. If you walk into the road without looking you risk being knocked down by a car.
I dont fancy going out this evening. The batteries of this radio need changing. Do you think the grass needs cutting? 9. Before going out I phoned Ann.
Tom left without finishing his dinner. I wonder what prevented him from coming to the party. The arrested man was suspected of breaking into houses. Have you ever thought of getting married? 14.
I had difficulty in finding a place to live. Do you think this book is worth reading? II. This habit of discussing other peoples affairs may damage reputations and ruin friendships. Well, dont go if you dont feel like going but for Gods sake stop talking about it.
Cant you see how perfectly useless it is trying to save the shop now? 4. I see no harm in letting them enjoy themselves in vacation time. So you like the part and want to play it. But is it worth going to such lengths to get it? 6.
He was only thanking me for taking his part at lunch. Once he gets elected there will be no holding him. You cant learn to skate without falling. Its no use trying to make you see my point.
Its different for you. Youre used to walking. As to me, I simply love cooking. My job is not teaching you manners.
She cant stand being contradicted. She washed her face and combed her hair before going downstairs again. Of course Ill go. Id go any place if theres the slightest chance of getting this job.
Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary. She only succeeded. blocking the way. She showed no intention.
There is no point. He did not object. I was not used. driving a big car through crowded streets.
She was surprisingly clever. finding out things. How can I prevent her. I was thinking at the time.
selling the place. I can find that out. After all Im personally responsible. bringing you back safe and sound.
They positively insisted. visiting all the rooms. What are your reasons to accuse her. taking the papers? 13.
being on the spot. I thanked him again. lending me the car. I take all the blame.
not seeing further than my nose. Unfortunately I havent succeeded. making much impression on you. He made a point.
never sounding disappointed. His mission had very little to do. winning the war. He had never had much difficulty.
The trouble had always been. She thanked him. taking her out. He did not object.
I shall look forward. seeing your book. taking a trip up the Scandinavian coast. Jack hesitated, then decided.
I told him that we were about to be turned out of our flat. not paying the rent. Quite late, when he was on the point. going 9 upstairs, the door bell rang.
He put the note under a saucer on the table to keep it. (A) Match the parts of sentences in A and B columns. Its difficult to keep them a. sheltering in the barn.
The police caught him b. coming from the house. Will you, please, stop c. opening the safe.