THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY LEA BARTOLOME BUENAFRANCISCA A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF HOUSEHOLDS FROM URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES SURROUNDING LAGUNA LAKE, PHILIPPINES BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : Advance Education Program Batch : 2015-2018 Thai Nguyen, 2019 Luan van Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Buenafrancisca, Lea B. Student ID DTN1454290091 A comparative study of the solid waste management Thesis Title practices of households from urban and rural communities surrounding Laguna Lake, Philippines Prof. Damasa Macandog (Philippines); Supervisor(s) Ms. Ly Thi Thuy Duong (MA, Vietnam) Signature of Supervisor Abstract: Solid waste may come from household, agriculture, commercial and industrial sources that causes land, air and water pollution.
Solid waste management is now a major global environmental concern. Water bodies such as oceans, rivers and lakes are commonly affected by solid wastes. The ecological status of Laguna Lake, the biggest lake in the Philippines, is becoming worse since it is surrounded by households from urban and rural communities that dump their solid wastes into the lake. This study aims to compare the solid waste management practices and the level of awareness on SWM of urban and rural communities surrounding Laguna Lake, to describe the types of waste they generate, to identify the impacts of their solid wastes to the ecological status of Laguna Lake and to recommend measures on proper solid waste management.
A face to face survey was conducted with local communities residing in four urban cities and four rural municipalities. In each municipality, six (6) communities from upstream, midstream and downstream were randomly selected with five (5) households each with a total of 30 respondents per municipality/city. Analysis of the surveyed respondents showed that there is a slight difference on the SWM practices of the urban and rural ii Luan van communities. The results indicate that urban communities are more aware of the term SWM but are not practicing proper SWM while rural communities practice more the proper SWM.
It is recommended to disseminate more information on proper SWM by conducting more seminars, training and projects in urban communities. Further research is needed to identify the other negative impacts of solid wastes that affect the ecological status of Laguna Lake. Keywords Solid Waste, Solid Waste Management, Urban, Rural Numbers of pages 60 pages Date of submission September 25, 2019 iii Luan van ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis supervisors, Prof. Damasa Macandog, Professor, Institute of Biological Science, University of the Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB) in the Philippines for her help, guidance, suggestions and review of my thesis manuscript for this study.
Her patience and the encouragement she gave me throughout my research study are also deeply appreciated. I am also deeply grateful to my second thesis supervisor, Ms. Ly Thi Thuy Duong, Faculty, Advance Education Program, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF) in Vietnam for her valuable recommendations and great support on my research study. Their guidance and persistent help are the reason why this thesis is made possible.I would also like to thank Ms.
Rose Ann Lozano for the advices she gave me for this study. I am sincerely thankful to my mother Pearly Buenafrancisca, for staying beside me and encouraging me from conducting the survey to the sleepless nights of writing this research study. To my father Ely Buenafrancisca and my sister Angel Buenafrancisca, I appreciate your help, prayers, uplifting and wisdom words you have given me to complete this study. I would also like to thank my best friend, Mary Celine Janella Mercado for the help and motivation since the very beginning of my study.
My friends, Charina Mikaela Galang, Heidilyn Patricia Sarapat, Elaiza Charm Tizon and Luis Albert Ruelo for the assistance, support and motivation throughout my study. I am also thankful to Mary Joy Ongkiatco for the help she gave me in creating my maps. iv Luan van And also, I owe my deep gratitude to my friend, John Maverick De Leon for the encouragement and for helping me until the last days of my research study. Above it all, I would like to thank God Almighty for the strength, knowledge and ability to complete this study.
Without his grace and blessing, this study would not have been possible. Lea Bartolome Buenafrancisca v Luan van TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .IV TABLE OF CONTENT .VI LIST OF FIGURES .IX LIST OF TABLES .XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY .4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS. DEFINING SOLID WASTE: ISSUES AND CONCERN. Municipal solid waste.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT. Contemporary solid waste management methods. 12 vi Luan van 2.2 Solid waste management in Philippines. RELATED STUDIES ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT.
METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS. MATERIALS AND INSTRUMENTS. TIME AND LOCALE OF THE STUDY. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE.
Key informant survey. ANALYSIS OF DATA. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS. Age and gender. Level of education .4 Ownership of Business Establishments. AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT.
Knowledge on ordinances regarding SWM. 32 vii Luan van 4. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES. Quantity of waste generated by the surveyed households.
Types of waste generated. Waste generated by business establishments. Solid waste receptacle. Disposal system of uncollected garbage.
Frequency of uncollected garbage. Evaluation of the garbage collection system. EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE IN THE ENVIRONMENT. Observed dumped waste in street side .2 Dumped waste quantity in Laguna Lake.
IMPACTS OF SOLID WASTE TO HUMAN HEALTH. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF FARM AND LIVESTOCK OWNERS FROM RURAL COMMUNITIES. Quantity of waste generated by surveyed farm owners. Solid waste management of surveyed farm owners.
Quantity of waste generated by surveyed livestock owners. Solid waste management of the surveyed livestock owners. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. 61 viii Luan van LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.
Sources of Municipal solid waste in the Philippines, 2008-2013 (Manzanera, 2011). Surveyed households in urban areas. Surveyed households in rural areas. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study.
Age of surveyed households. Educational attainment of surveyed respondents. Types of business establishments owned by surveyed respondents…30 Figure 8b. Types of business establishments owned by surveyed respondents.
Awareness of the surveyed respondents on SWM……………. Awareness of the surveyed respondents on ESWM. Respondents’ awareness on ordinances. SWM practices of surveyed households.
Quantity of waste generated by surveyed households. Types of waste generated by surveyed households. Waste generated by business establishments. Actual garbage collection done in public market.
Solid waste receptacle used by surveyed households. Disposal system of uncollected garbage by surveyed households. Actual uncollected garbage dumped in street side……………….40 ix Luan van Figure 18. Observed negative effects of solid waste in their surroundings.
Observed dumped waste on street side. Observed dumped waste on Laguna Lake. Impacts of Solid Waste to Human Health. Surveyed farm and livestock owners from rural areas.
Kind of livestock surveyed. Waste quantity generated during planting and harvesting of farms. SWM of surveyed farms. Waste quantity generated by the surveyed livestock.
SWM of surveyed livestock. 50 x Luan van LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Estimated household waste composition by Parfitt, 2002 …. Summary of Policies and Regulations Related to SWM ….
Schedule of the garbage collection in surveyed communities …. Surveyed respondents’ evaluation of the garbage collection system…………………………………………………………………………. 41 xi Luan van LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 3R’s Reduce, Reuse, Recycle ArcGIS Architecture Geographic Information System BENRO Barangay Environmental and Natural Resources Office CALABARZON Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Quezon Province CENRO City Environmental and Natural Resources Office DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources ESWM Ecological Solid Waste Management FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System IRRI International Rice Research Institute KII Key Informant Interview LGU Local Government Unit MENRO Municipal Environmental and Natural Resources Office MRF Materials Recovery Facility MSW Municipal Solid Waste MWSS Metropolitan Manila Waterworks and Sewerage System RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act SLF Sanitary Landfill SWM Solid Waste Management SWMB/C Solid Waste Management Board/Committee US EPA United States Environmental Protection Age xii Luan van PART I. Background of the study One of the worst problems encountered all around the world is environmental degradation and water contamination, which is worsened by the increasing accretion of solid wastes that have been dumped and thrown just everywhere.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA, 2017) defines solid waste as “any garbage or refuse, sludge from wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant and other discarded material resulting from industrial, commercial, agriculture operations and from community activities. Solid wastes can be solid or semi-solid material which can be either hazardous or non- hazardous”. Households’ solid waste may be the most common problem of most municipalities/cities. Frequently, improper handling of solid waste is the cause of environmental phenomena like flooding or flash floods from even a small amount of rain (Prasad & Narayanan, 2016).
Solid wastes clogging drainage systems is one of the major causes of severe problem of flooding in the Philippines, especially in urban areas. Even rural areas near the lakes and rivers are experiencing flooding due to improper waste disposal. Accumulation and poor management of solid waste from households increases the rate of pollution thereby degrading the environment and even causes human diseases. Improper waste disposal from communities that are surrounding a water body tend to have the most impacts on the environment that leads to higher risks.
Proper solid waste management can be a solution to this problem. 1 Luan van Proper management of solid waste reduces the unfavorable impacts on the environment and enhances the quality of life. However, the management of solid waste continues to be a major challenge throughout the world particularly in the rapidly growing cities of the developing countries (Foo, 1997). Various processes can be effective in managing waste for a municipality, such as collection of garbage, monitoring and recycling.
The most common methods of good solid waste management are the 3R’s, or the Reduce, Reuse and Recycle approach. It is advisable that these methods should be adopted as part of community’s solid waste management. Laguna Lake is the biggest freshwater lake in the Philippines. It is one of the primary sources of freshwater fish in the Philippines and the most important inland body of water in the Philippines.
The water of the lake is drained to Manila Bay via Pasig River. As reported by the Metropolitan Manila Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS), only 15% of the residents in the area have an effective waste disposal system. Moreover, of the families that live along the shoreline of Laguna lake, 85% do not have their own toilets and/or septic tanks. Based on an article, “The declining fishery productivity of Laguna Lake is the most glaring evidence of its stressed ecological state” (Tamayo-Zafaralla et al.
Many communities from urban and rural areas are surrounding Laguna Lake and urban solid waste is considered as one of the most immediate and serious environmental problems. According to an article “As far as domestic wastes are concerned, around 10% of the 4,100 metric tons of waste generated by residents of Metro Manila is dumped into the lake” (Batu, 1996). However, rural solid wastes can also be a problem. Since rural areas have the most farmlands that use and produce pesticides 2 Luan van and insecticides, it can be one of the factors affecting the increasing stressed ecological state of Laguna Lake.
The severely degraded ecological status of Laguna Lake is attributed mostly to the wastes that are just dumped and thrown everywhere from the surrounding communities.