HAI PHONG PRIVATE UNIVERSITY FOREIGN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT --------------***-------------- ISO 9001:2008 GRADUATION PAPER A study ON expressions of futurity in English in comparison with their Vietnamese equivalents Acknowledgements Part one: Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Rationale…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Aims of the study. 2 Scope of the study. 2 Method of the study. 3 Design of the study.
3 Part two: Development. 4 Chapter one: Theoretical background. Types of verb. The morphology of lexical verbs.
6 Regular lexical verbs. 7 Irregular lexical verbs. Classification of lexical verbs. 10 Tense and Aspect.
14 Chapter two: Expressions of Futurity in English in Comparison with their Vietnamese Equivalents. Expressions of futurity in English. Differences between the expressions of futurity in English in comparison with their Vietnamese equivalents. Be going to + infinitive.
Future perfect continuous. Simple present for future. Present continuous for future. Be to + infinitive.
42 Arrangement or Command. 42 Be to + perfect infinitive. Be due to + infinitive. 43 Be due to.
Future time in the past. 45 Be going to + infinitive. 46 Be to + infinitive. 46 Be about to + infinitive.
47 Chapter three: Some Problems Possibly Faced by Vietnamese Learners, Suggestions and Solutions. Possible problems faced by Vietnamese learners. Misusing between Will and Going to. 48 In terms of showing Intention.
48 In terms of showing Prediction. 49 9 In terms of showing Conditions. Misusing between Simple Future and Future Continuous. 52 Question about somebody’s intention.
53 Non-continuous verbs/Mixed verbs. Misusage between Future Continuous and Future Perfect Continuous. Some solutions to overcome the problems. Solutions to problems of misusage between Will and Going to.
Solutions to problems of misusage between Simple Future and Future Continuous. Solutions to problems of misusage between Future Continuous and Future Perfect Continuous. 59 Part three: Conclusion. 63 10 Part one: Introduction I.
Rationale Language is a typical individual feature of each country. It is a mean of communicating and exchanging information, culture, technology, science, etc. However, to communicate and exchange them among country all over the world, it is necessary for people to use a common language. As you know, English is described as global language.
It has become increasingly important. In the global integration process, English plays a main role. Thank to English, people can connect each other, then enhance the understanding among the countries in all aspect of life, and together create a developing world. As a result, English step by step becomes the universal language.
It is the fact that using English effectively can help everyone to find a good job; therefore, improving the English skills and levels is very necessary for people. That is the reason why English is becoming compulsory subject at all schools. The English curriculum improves learners’ ability to communicate and also fosters a strong liberal arts background, marketable communication skills etc. In the aspects of language, Grammar which plays an important role in governing the use of a given natural language is a field of linguistics.
Traditionally, grammar included morphology and syntax; in modern linguistics these subfields are complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. English grammar is a body of rules specifying how meanings are created in English. English grammar is investigated and studied by many grammarians with many aspects, in which the futurity expressions in English are a popular phenomenon. The futurity in English can be express in several different ways depending on context of the surrounding information, semantic, timing, speaker attitude or opinion, etc.
These are quite complex to determine. As the literature concerning the 11 future in English is wide, it may take many years of study for a learner to accomplish native speaker-like use of these constructions. Furthermore, each language has individual references to the future time. Thus when studying these expressions of futurity in English, many foreign learners, especially Vietnamese learners have difficulties in mastering.
Those are the reasons why I want to focus on Expressions of futurity in English in comparison with their Vietnamese equivalents. I hope that the study will help Vietnamese learners to understand more clearly and use more effectively these expressions. Aims of the study The study is aimed at: Supplying an overall investigation into expressions of futurity in English with focus on form and usage. Figuring out the similarities and differences between these expressions.
Identifying some possible problems faced by learners in using these expressions and some solutions. Scope of the study I can study about future expressions but in this paper, I only focus on expressions of futurity in English with restrictions on their forms and usage as well as Vietnamese equivalents. Because each langue has its individual grammar, Vietnamese grammar is different from English one. In grammar Vietnamese, the parts such as: ‚tense‛ or ‘aspect‛ are rather unfamiliar; therefore, it is very difficult for Vietnamese learners not to make mistakes when studying future tense, especially expressions of futurity in English.
Thus, in this study, what are expressions of futurity in English, their forms & usage as well as Vietnamese equivalents which are made out. 12 Effort was made to do this paper as I expect that this study to some extent will provide for those who pay attention to some problems faced by Vietnamese learners when learning Expressions of English futurity. Methods of the study To carry out the study, data are first collected from reliable books and websites then they are analysed to find out the common use of futurity expressions as well as their distinctive meanings. Next to, a comparative study is made between expressions of futurity in English their Vietnamese equivalents (only at level of translating English sentences containing expressions of futurity in English into Vietnamese).
The results attained from the comparative study are then analysed in order to find out the basis on which futurity expressions are used and reflect their meanings. Also, some problems are hypothesized and then addressed with certain effective measures to tackle. Design of the study The study consists of three main parts, namely: The introduction in which rationale, aims of the study, scope, methods and design are presented The Development includes: Chapter one presenting an overview of verbs and related issues Chapter two elaborating Expressions of futurity in English in comparison with their Vietnamese equivalents Chapter three dealing with problems possibly encountered by Vietnamese learners, suggestions and solutions to these problems The conclusion, in which related issues in the study are summed up and some suggestions for further study are presented. 13 Part two: development Chapter one: Theoretical background I.
Definition Verb is the part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being. Types of verb There are various ways in which will be necessary to classify verbs. According to Quirk (1994: 25) basing on the functions of verb phrases, they are classified into - Lexical walk, write, play, etc - Auxiliary 1/ Primary be, do, have 2/ Modal can, may, could, etc 3. Verbal forms According to Quirk (1994: 25), many English verbs have five forms: the BASE, the –s FORM, the PAST, the –ING PARTICIPLE, and the –ED PARTICIPLE.
Example of these forms and an indication of their functions are given in the table below. Regular lexical verbs have the same -ed inflection for both the past tense and the -ed participle (called). Irregular lexical verb forms vary from three (e.: put, puts, putting) to eight (be, am, are, was, were, being, been). The modal auxiliaries are defective in not having infinitive (* to may), -ing participle (* maying), -ed participle (* mayed), or imperative (* may!) 14 Form Symbol E.
Function (1) base V Call (a) all the present tense except 3rd person Drink singular: I/you/we/they call every day Put (b) subjunctive: He demanded that she call and see him (c) the bare infinitive: He may call; and the to infinitive: He wants her to call (2) –s form(3rd V-s Calls 3rd person singular present tense: person Drinks He/she/it calls every day singular Puts present) (3) past V-ed1 Called Past tense: He called yesterday Drank Put (4) –ing V-ing Calling (a) progressive aspect (be + V-ing): He’s participle Drinking calling in a moment (present (b) in –ing participle clauses: Calling Putting participle) early, I found her at home (5) –ed V-ed2 Called (a) perfective aspect (have + V-ed2): He participle (past Drunk has drunk the water participle) (b) passive voice (be + V-ed2): He is Put called Jack (c) in –ed participle clauses: Called early, he had a quick breakfast The abbreviation V-ed will be used to where V-ed1 has the same form as V-ed2. The morphology of lexical verbs According to Quirk, R. In all of them, the –s form and –ing participle are predictable from the base form. They different in that the –ed1, and –ed2 forms in irregular verbs cannot be predicted from the base.
Regular lexical verbs Regular lexical verbs have the following forms: V Base Call Like Try V-ing -ing participle Calling Liking Trying V-s -es Form Calls Likes Tries V-ed Past/ -ed Participle Called Liked Tried The -ing and -s forms The -ing form is straightforward addition to the base Push – pushing sleep – sleeping The –s form is also predictable from the base. It has three spoken realizations: /iz/, /z/, and /s/, and two spellings, -s and -es. (1) Pronounced /iz/ after bases ending in voiced or voiceless sibilant and spelled -es unless the base already ends in –e: Pass – passes budge - budges Buzz – buzzes push – pushes (2) Pronounced /z/ and spelled -s after bases ending in other voiced sounds: Call – calls rob – robs flow – flows 16 (3) Pronounced /s/ and spelled -s after bases ending in other voiceless sounds: Cut – cuts lock – locks sap – saps The past and the -ed participle The past (V-ed1) and the -ed participle (V-ed2) regular verbs (spelling -ed unless the base ends in -e) have three spoken realizations: /id/ after bases ending in /d/ and /t/: Pad – padded pat – patted /d/ after bases ending in voiced sounds other then /d/: /t/ after bases ending in voiceless sounds other than /t/: Pass – passed pack – packed Irregular lexical verbs Irregular verbs have a varying number of distinct forms. Since the -s and -ing forms are predictable for regular and irregular verbs alike, the only forms that need be listed for irregular verbs are the base (V), the past (V-ed1), and the past participle (V-ed2).
Most irregular verbs have, like regular verbs, only one common variation in this respect, as the table shows: BASE V-ed1 V-ed2 All like Cut Cut Cut V-ed1 = V-ed2 Meet Met Met V= V-ed2 Come Came Come All different Speak Spoke Spoken Classification Class 1: V-ed1 is identical with V-ed2 17 Suffixation is used but voicing is variable Vowel identify in all the parts V V-ed V V-ed Burn Burnt Bend Bent smell smelt make made Class 2: V-ed1 is identical with V-ed2 Suffixation is used but voicing is variable Change of base vowel V V-ed V V-ed Creep Crept Catch Caught dream dreamt say said Class 3: All three parts V, Ved1, and V-ed2 are identical No suffix of change of the base vowel V and V-ed V and V-ed V and V-ed Bet (r) Knit (r) Shut Class 4: V-ed1 is identical with V-ed2 No suffixation Change of base vowel V V-ed V V-ed Meet Met Sit Sat Dig Dug fight Fought 18 Class 5: V-ed1 is regular; V-ed2 has two forms, one regular, the other nasal. V V-ed1 V-ed2 V V-ed1 V-ed2 Hew Hewed Hewn (R) Shear Sheared Shorn (R) Mow Mowed Mown (R) Swell Swelled Swollen (R) Class 6: V-ed1 and V-ed2 are irregular, the latter always suffixed and usually with -(e)n.