About the Cover Upon entering the University of Kansas as an undergraduate, Chris Shannon knew she enjoyed mathematics, but she was also interested in a variety of social and political issues. One of her mathematics professors recognized this and suggested that she might be interested in taking some economics courses while she was studying mathematics. She learned that economics enabled her to combine the rigor and abstraction of mathematics with the exploration of complex and important social issues involving human behavior. She decided to add a major in economics to her math major.
After graduating with B. degrees in economics and in mathematics, Shannon went on to graduate school at Stanford University, where she received an M. in mathematics and a Ph. Her current position as professor in both the mathematics and economics departments at the University of California, Berkeley, represents an ideal blend of the two fields, and allows her to CHRIS SHANNON pursue work ranging from developing new tools for analyzing optimization problems to designing Economics and Finance new models for understanding complex financial markets.
The photos on the front cover of this University of California, Berkeley text represent one of her current projects, which explores new models of decision-making under uncertainty and the effects of uncertainty on different markets.* Look for other featured applied researchers in forthcoming titles in the Tan applied mathematics series: PETER BLAIR HENRY MARK VAN DER LAAN JONATHAN D. FARLEY NAVIN KHANEJA International Economist Biostatistician Applied Mathematician Applied Scientist Stanford University University of California, California Institute Harvard University Berkeley of Technology *Shannon, Chris, and Rigotti, Luca, “Uncertainty and Risk in Financial Markets,” Econometrica, January 2005, 73(1), pp. Now that you’ve bought the textbook. GET THE BEST GRADE IN THE SHORTEST TIME POSSIBLE! Visit www.com to view over 10,000 print, digital, and audio study tools that allow you to: • Study in less time to get the grade you want.
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point-slope form: y y1 m(x x1) Straight Line b. slope-intercept form: y mx b c. general form: Ax By C 0 Equation of the y mx b Least-Squares Line where m and b satisfy the normal equations nb (x1 x2 . xnyn Compound Interest A P(1 i)n (i r/m, n mt) where A is the accumulated amount at the end of n conversion periods, P is the principal, r is the interest rate per year, m is the number of conversion periods per year, and t is the number of years.
reff a1 b 1 r m Effective Rate m of Interest where reff is the effective rate of interest, r is the nominal interest rate per year, and m is the number of conversion periods per year. 11 i 2 n 1 Future Value of SRc d an Annuity i 1 11 i 2 n Present Value of PRc d an Annuity i Pi Amortization R Formula 1 11 i 2 n iS R 11 i2 n 1 Sinking Fund Payment n! P(n, r) 1n r2! The Number of Permutations of n Distinct Objects Taken r at a Time The Number of n! , where n1 n2 . nm n Permutations of n Objects, n1!n2!. nm! Not All Distinct n! The Number of C(n, r) Combinations of n r!1n r2! Distinct Objects Taken r at a Time The Product Rule P(A 傽 B) P(A) P(B 兩 A) for Probability P1Ai 2 # P1E 冨 Ai 2 Bayes’ Formula P(Ai 兩 E) P1A1 2 # P1E 冨 A1 2 P1A2 2 # P1E 冨 A2 2 .
P1An 2 # P1E 冨 An 2 Expected Value of E(X) x1 p1 x2 p2 . xn pn a Random Variable Bernoulli Trials P(X x) C(n, x)pxq nx (x 0, 1, 2,. , n) E(X) np Var(X) npq X 1npq EDITION FINITE MATHEMATICS 9 FOR THE MANAGERIAL, LIFE, AND SOCIAL SCIENCES This page intentionally left blank EDITION FINITE MATHEMATICS 9 FOR THE MANAGERIAL, LIFE, AND SOCIAL SCIENCES S. TAN STONEHILL COLLEGE Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Finite Mathematics for the Managerial, © 2009, 2006 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning Life, and Social Sciences, Ninth Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 TO PAT, BILL, AND MICHAEL This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface xi CHAPTER 1 Straight Lines and Linear Functions 1 1.1 The Cartesian Coordinate System 2 1.2 Straight Lines 9 Using Technology: Graphing a Straight Line 23 1.3 Linear Functions and Mathematical Models 26 Using Technology: Evaluating a Function 37 1.4 Intersection of Straight Lines 40 PORTFOLIO: Esteban Silva 42 Using Technology: Finding the Point(s) of Intersection of Two Graphs 49 1.5 The Method of Least Squares 51 Using Technology: Finding an Equation of a Least-Squares Line 60 Chapter 1 Summary of Principal Formulas and Terms 63 Chapter 1 Concept Review Questions 64 Chapter 1 Review Exercises 65 Chapter 1 Before Moving On 66 CHAPTER 2 Systems of Linear Equations and Matrices 67 2.1 Systems of Linear Equations: An Introduction 68 2.2 Systems of Linear Equations: Unique Solutions 75 Using Technology: Systems of Linear Equations: Unique Solutions 89 2.3 Systems of Linear Equations: Underdetermined and Overdetermined Systems 91 Using Technology: Systems of Linear Equations: Underdetermined and Overdetermined Systems 100 2.4 Matrices 100 Using Technology: Matrix Operations 110 2.5 Multiplication of Matrices 113 Using Technology: Matrix Multiplication 125 2.6 The Inverse of a Square Matrix 127 Using Technology: Finding the Inverse of a Square Matrix 139 2.7 Leontief Input–Output Model 141 Using Technology: The Leontief Input–Output Model 149 Chapter 2 Summary of Principal Formulas and Terms 151 Chapter 2 Concept Review Questions 151 Chapter 2 Review Exercises 152 Chapter 2 Before Moving On 154 CHAPTER 3 Linear Programming: A Geometric Approach 155 3.1 Graphing Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 156 3.2 Linear Programming Problems 164 3.3 Graphical Solution of Linear Programming Problems 172 viii CONTENTS 3.4 Sensitivity Analysis 185 PORTFOLIO: Morgan Wilson 192 Chapter 3 Summary of Principal Terms 198 Chapter 3 Concept Review Questions 198 Chapter 3 Review Exercises 198 Chapter 3 Before Moving On 200 CHAPTER 4 Linear Programming: An Algebraic Approach 201 4.1 The Simplex Method: Standard Maximization Problems 202 Using Technology: The Simplex Method: Solving Maximization Problems 222 4.2 The Simplex Method: Standard Minimization Problems 226 Using Technology: The Simplex Method: Solving Minimization Problems 237 4.3 The Simplex Method: Nonstandard Problems 242 Chapter 4 Summary of Principal Terms 254 Chapter 4 Concept Review Questions 254 Chapter 4 Review Exercises 255 Chapter 4 Before Moving On 256 CHAPTER 5 Mathematics of Finance 257 5.1 Compound Interest 258 Using Technology: Finding the Accumulated Amount of an Investment, the Effective Rate of Interest, and the Present Value of an Investment 273 5.2 Annuities 276 Using Technology: Finding the Amount of an Annuity 284 5.3 Amortization and Sinking Funds 287 Using Technology: Amortizing a Loan 297 5.4 Arithmetic and Geometric Progressions 300 Chapter 5 Summary of Principal Formulas and Terms 308 Chapter 5 Concept Review Questions 309 Chapter 5 Review Exercises 310 Chapter 5 Before Moving On 311 CHAPTER 6 Sets and Counting 313 6.1 Sets and Set Operations 314 6.2 The Number of Elements in a Finite Set 323 6.3 The Multiplication Principle 329 PORTFOLIO: Stephanie Molina 331 6.4 Permutations and Combinations 335 Using Technology: Evaluating n!, P(n, r), and C(n, r) 348 Chapter 6 Summary of Principal Formulas and Terms 349 Chapter 6 Concept Review Questions 350 Chapter 6 Review Exercises 350 Chapter 6 Before Moving On 352 CONTENTS ix CHAPTER 7 Probability 353 7.1 Experiments, Sample Spaces, and Events 354 7.2 Definition of Probability 362 7.3 Rules of Probability 371 PORTFOLIO: Todd Good 374 7.4 Use of Counting Techniques in Probability 381 7.5 Conditional Probability and Independent Events 388 7.6 Bayes’ Theorem 402 Chapter 7 Summary of Principal Formulas and Terms 411 Chapter 7 Concept Review Questions 412 Chapter 7 Review Exercises 412 Chapter 7 Before Moving On 415 CHAPTER 8 Probability Distributions and Statistics 417 8.1 Distributions of Random Variables 418 Using Technology: Graphing a Histogram 425 8.2 Expected Value 427 PORTFOLIO: Ann-Marie Martz 434 8.3 Variance and Standard Deviation 440 Using Technology: Finding the Mean and Standard Deviation 451 8.4 The Binomial Distribution 452 8.5 The Normal Distribution 462 8.6 Applications of the Normal Distribution 471 Chapter 8 Summary of Principal Formulas and Terms 479 Chapter 8 Concept Review Questions 480 Chapter 8 Review Exercises 480 Chapter 8 Before Moving On 481 CHAPTER 9 Markov Chains and the Theory of Games 483 9.1 Markov Chains 484 Using Technology: Finding Distribution Vectors 493 9.2 Regular Markov Chains 494 Using Technology: Finding the Long-Term Distribution Vector 503 9.3 Absorbing Markov Chains 505 9.4 Game Theory and Strictly Determined Games 512 9.5 Games with Mixed Strategies 521 Chapter 9 Summary of Principal Formulas and Terms 532 Chapter 9 Concept Review Questions 533 Chapter 9 Review Exercises 534 Chapter 9 Before Moving On 535 APPENDIX A Introduction to Logic 537 A.1 Propositions and Connectives 538 A.2 Truth Tables 542 x CONTENTS A.3 The Conditional and the Biconditional Connectives 544 A.4 Laws of Logic 549 A.