COLUMBIA ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR TOEIC® WITH ANSWERS A SCORE-RAISING TOEIC GRAMMAR BOOK FOR STUDENTS OF ENGLISH Richard Lee, Ph. COLUMBIA PRESS Copyright © 2012 by Richard Lee, Columbia Press All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without the written permission of the copyright owner. All inquiries should be addressed to: Columbia Press International 803-470 Granville Street Vancouver, BC V6C 1V5 Email: richardleephd@hotmail.com ISBN-13 ： 978-1-927647-05-9 To Nancy, Philip, and Christina CONTENTS TO THE STUDENT CHAPTER 1 Verb Tenses Lesson 1 Problems with Verb Tense Meanings 12 Lesson 2 Use Have + Past Participle and Had + Past Participle Correctly 19 Lesson 3 Use Have + Past Participle with Since, For and By Now Correctly 24 Lesson 4 Use the Correct Tense with Time Expressions 30 Lesson 5 Duration: Use Have + Been + Past Participle Correctly 36 Lesson 6 Predictions: Will Have + Past Participle 41 Lesson 7 Use the Correct Tense with Will and Would 46 Lesson 8 Use the Correct Tense with Had Hoped 51 CHAPTER 2 Noun Clauses Lesson 9 Problems with Noun Clauses 57 Lesson 10 Use Noun Clause Connector/Subject Correctly 64 Lesson 11 Use Noun Clause Connector/Object Correctly 69 CHAPTER 3 Adjective Clauses Lesson 12 Problems with Adjective Clauses 75 Lesson 13 Use Adjective Clause Markers Correctly 81 Lesson 14 Incomplete Adjective Clauses 88 CHAPTER 4 Adverb Clauses Lesson 15 Incomplete Adverb Clauses 95 Lesson 16 Use Adverb Time and Cause Markers Correctly 100 Lesson 17 Use Adverb Contrast, Condition, Manner, and Place Markers Correctly 105 Lesson 18 Use Adverb Cause and Result Markers Correctly 111 CHAPTER 5 Subject-Verb Agreement Lesson 19 Problems with Subject and Verb Agreement 117 Lesson 20 Faulty Subject-Verb Agreement: Modified Subject and Verb 123 Lesson 21 Faulty Subject-Verb Agreement: Subject with Accompaniment and Verb 128 Lesson 22 Faulty Subject-Verb Agreement: Subject with Appositive and Verb 133 Lesson 23 Faulty Subject-Verb Agreement: Indefinite Subject and Verb 138 Lesson 24 Faulty Subject-Verb Agreement: Collective Subject and Verb 146 CHAPTER 6 Parallel Structures Lesson 25 Use Parallel Structure with Coordinate Conjunctions Correctly 156 Lesson 26 Use Parallel Structure with Correlative Conjunctions Correctly 162 Lesson 27 Use Parallel Structure with Comparisons Correctly 169 CHAPTER 7 Conditional Sentences and Wishes Lesson 28 Conditionals: Use Impossible Situation in Present Time Correctly 176 Lesson 29 Conditionals: Use Impossible Situation in Past Time Correctly 182 Lesson 30 Invert the Subject and Verb with Conditionals 188 Lesson 31 Use Nouns Derived from Conditional Verbs Correctly 193 Lesson 32 Use Present Wishes and Past Wishes Correctly 198 CHAPTER 8 Modals and Modal-Like Verbs Lesson 33 After Will, Would, or Other Modals, Use the Base Form of the Verb Correctly 205 Lesson 34 Logical Conclusions: Events in the Present 212 Lesson 35 Logical Conclusions: Events in the Past 217 CHAPTER 9 Modifiers and Dangling Participles Lesson 36 Dangling Modifiers: Use –ing and –ed Modifying Phrases Correctly 223 Lesson 37 Misplaced Modifiers: Position Adjectives and Adverbs Correctly 228 Lesson 38 Use Few and A Few, Little and A Little, Much and Many Correctly 233 CHAPTER 10 Pronoun and Pronoun References Lesson 39 Use Pronouns Correctly 240 Lesson 40 Use Reflexive Pronouns Correctly 245 Lesson 41 Check Pronoun Reference for Agreement 250 CHAPTER 11 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases Lesson 42 Use Prepositions Correctly 256 Lesson 43 Errors with Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 263 CHAPTER 12 Articles Lesson 44 Use Articles Correctly 270 Lesson 45 Confusion of Articles: Distinguish between Specific and General Ideas 275 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 285 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 287 TO THE STUDENT COLUMBIA ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR TOEIC is written for students who need some extra help with English grammar and usage.
It covers all the absolutely essential grammar points, such as subject-verb agreement, dangling modifier, parallel structure, and others that are most often tested on the TOEIC. It is the only self-study reference and practice book that you will ever need to raise your score on the test. HERE IS WHAT YOU WILL GET: 1. ERROR EXAMPLES: show you what kinds of mistakes most often made at TOEIC and how to correct them; 2.
GRAMMAR POINTS: teach you all the English grammar and usage you need to know for the test; 3. PRACTICE TESTS: Use sample Sentence Correction and Sentence Completion questions to test your grammar power and readiness for the real TOEIC; 4. ANSWER KEYS: provide answers and explanations to help you avoid the mistakes forever. COLUMBIA ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR TOEIC gives you an English professor’s proven method, guaranteed to help you master all the essential grammar and usage for the test.
It is a must-have English grammar book that will help you to ace the TOEIC. CHAPTER 1 VERB TENSES LESSON 1 PROBLEMS WITH VERB TENSE MEANINGS ERROR EXAMPLE WRONG: Americans found themselves with less free time over the past few decades even though they are earning more money. RIGHT: Americans have found themselves with less free time over the past few decades even though they are earning more money. GRAMMAR POINT Different verb tense forms have different tense meanings.
The following are the most common types of problems with verb tenses: 1. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE We use the Simple Past Tense to express an event or situation that began and ended in the past. In 1992, Bi11 Clinton became President of the United States, beating his opponent by a wide margin. Jennifer spent all her savings to buy a 1988 Buick Century.
After winning the Nobel Prize, the famous novelist began teaching Creative Writing in a famous university. WRONG: We have moved to New York City in 1989. RIGHT: We moved to New York City in 1989. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE We use the Present Perfect Tense to give the idea that the action started in the past and still relates to the present.
In other words, the action in the past has a result now. Obama said that the military has completed hundreds of flights to bring food and water to Japan. Social psychologists have found a second key predictor of mutual attraction: similarity. I haven’t seen Dr.
Edward Johnson for a long time. WRONG: I lived in San Francisco since 1987. RIGHT: I have lived in San Francisco since 1987. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE We use the Past Perfect Tense to refer to a past situation or activity that had happened before another past situation or activity, or before a particular time in the past.
Joyce had just eaten dinner before her parents arrived at 7:30 last night. The skytrain had left by the time we got to the waterfront station. By 2011, the United States had already become the No. 1 destination for international students.
WRONG: Philip have lived in Denver for ten years before he moved to the Silicon Valley to start his own company. RIGHT: Philip had lived in Denver for ten years before he moved to the Silicon Valley to start his own company. The meaning of a verb tense in a sentence must agree with the time meaning of the rest of the sentence. The time meaning of a sentence is often determined by words or expressions which we call time markers.
The following are some of the most commonly used TIME MARKERS: 1. SINCE We use since with the perfect tenses to indicate a particular time. Because National statistics on crime have only been kept since 1930, it is impossible to make judgments about crime during the early years of the nation. FOR We use for with the perfect tenses or the simple tenses to indicate a duration of time.
She has been in the U. for six months. YET We use yet with the perfect tenses in negative meanings and in questions. I have just got my acceptance letter from Yale University.
Have you heard from Harvard University yet ？ 4. ALREADY We use already with the perfect tenses in affirmative meanings. I have already finished all my term papers. DURING We use during with the simple and continuous tenses to show a duration of time.
It is not usually used with the perfect tenses. Everybody is having a hard time during the recession. PRACTICE TEST Test 1. SENTENCE COMPLETION: Choose the CORRECT answer.
By September 2018, Jack Morgan will____________. graduate from Harvard Law School. have graduated from Harvard Law School. In 2012, Clarissa____________Chairman of the Women’s Rights International.
These kinds of clothes____________ very popular in the countryside during the depression. When you called me last night, I____________ dinner with my parents.five skyscrapers in Star City by the end of 2011. had already built Test 2. SENTENCE CORRECTION: Choose the INCORRECT word or phrase and CORRECT it.
By the time I got to the airport, the plane has already taken off. I traveled to five major cities since I cam to the United States last year. The ground is wet. It must rained.
I took a shower when Helen called me last night. By the end of 2005 I have already finished my bachelor’s degree in computer science at the University of Rochester. ANSWER KEY Test 1: 1. B (Here simple past tense should be used: became; for it refers to the action that began and ended in the past.
By the time I got to the airport, the plane had already taken off. I have traveled to five major cities since I cam to the United States last year. The ground is wet. It must have rained.
I was taking a shower when Helen called me last night. By the end of 2005 I had already finished my bachelor’s degree in computer science at the University of Rochester. LESSON 2 USE HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE AND HAD +PAST PARTICIPLE CORRECTLY ERROR EXAMPLE WRONG: After the votes were counted, it had been determined that Obama was the winner. RIGHT: After the votes had been counted, it was determined that Obama was the winner.
GRAMMAR POINT The Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) and the Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle) are often confused. They have completely different uses, and we should learn how to differentiate them.THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE The Present Perfect Tense refers to an action or situation that started in the past and still relates to the present. William Black has lived in Vancouver for almost twenty years. Nowadays, Apple’s iPhones have become a fashion among young people in every part of the world.
Because her proposal has been rejected, she is very depressed. She has worked very hard lately. WRONG: By the time we got to the party, the guests have already left. RIGHT: By the time we got to the party, the guests had already left.
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE: HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE The Past Perfect Tense refers to an activity or situation that took place before another past activity or situation. We would have accomplished the task much earlier if you had come to help us. Jennifer had finished her dinner when Jack came to pick her up. Mary had already gone to sleep when we arrived at midnight.
By the end of the nineteenth century, Thomas Madison had already become one of the few billionaires in the country. WRONG: I had taken five courses in computer science since I came to New York University last year. RIGHT: I have taken five courses in computer science since I came to New York University last year. PRACTICE TEST Test 1.
SENTENCE COMPLETION: Choose the CORRECT answer. When I got home from school, my parents____________. went to sleep B. had gone to sleep 2.
I don’t know If you _____________from University of Washington yet. The train____________the station for Atlantic City. has just left B. had just left 4.
By two o’clock this morning, Mary ____________eighteen hours continuously without any stop. Great changes_____________in the rural area since the new economic reform. had taken place B. have taken place Test 2.
SENTENCE CORRECTION: Choose the INCORRECT word or phrase and CORRECT it.