47233878 - Cường Độ Vật Liệu Dành Cho Kỹ Thuật

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Engineering Technology

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Ẩn danh

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book

2016

172
2
0

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45 Point

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Preface

1. Chapter 1: Introduction to Strength of Materials

1.1. What is Strength of Materials?

1.2. The Factor-Label Method of Unit Conversion

2. Chapter 2: Stress and Strain

2.1. Normal Stress and Strain

2.2. Shear Stress and Strain

3. Chapter 3: Poisson's Ratio and Thermal Expansion

3.1. Thermal Expansion and Thermal Stress

4. Chapter 4: Pressure Vessels and Stress Concentrations

4.1. Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

4.2. Stress Concentration in Tension

5. Chapter 5: Bolted and Welded Joints

5.1. Bolted Lap Joints Loaded in Tension

5.2. Welded Lap Joints

6. Chapter 6: Properties of Areas

6.1. Dimensions and Area

6.2. Centroid and Centroidal Axes

6.3. Moment of Inertia of a Rectangle

6.4. Compound Beams Sharing a Centroidal Axis

6.5. Hollow Beams Sharing a Centroidal Axis

6.6. Compound Beams With Different Neutral Axes

6.7. Hollow Beams With Different Neutral Axes

6.8. Moment of Inertia about the y-y Neutral Axis

6.9. Radius of Gyration

6.10. Polar Moment of Inertia

7. Chapter 7: Torsion in Round Shafts

7.1. Shear Stress in a Round Shaft

7.2. Angle of Twist in a Round Shaft

7.3. Center of Gravity, Area, Moment of Inertia, and Radius of Stress Concentration in Torsion

8. Chapter 8: Beam Reactions, Shear Diagrams, and Moment Loads on Beams

8.1. Reactions for Simply-Supported Simple Beams

8.2. Reactions for Overhanging and Cantilever Beams

9. Chapter 9: Stresses in Beams

9.1. Bending Stress in Beams

9.2. Bending Stress in Wide-Flange Steel Beams

10. Chapter 10: Beam Deflection

10.1. Radius of Curvature

10.2. The Formula Method for Simple Cases

10.3. Formula Method Hints

10.4. The Formula Method for Complex Cases: Superposition

10.5. Visualizing the Deflection Curve

11. Chapter 11: Beam Design

11.1. Wide-Flange Steel Beam Design in Six Easy Steps

11.2. Timber Beam Design in Six Easy Steps

11.3. All Other Beams

12. Chapter 12: Combined Stresses

12.1. Bending in Two Directions

13. Chapter 13: Statically Indeterminate Beams

13.1. Defining Determinate and Indeterminate Beams

13.2. Method of Superposition

14. Chapter 14: Buckling of Columns

14.1. Types of Columns

14.2. Ideal Slender Columns

14.3. Structural Steel Columns

14.4. Steel Machine Parts

15. Chapter 15: Visualizing Stress and Strain

15.1. Stress at the Base of a Short Block

15.2. The Transfer Formula

Appendix B: Materials Properties

Appendix C: Properties of Areas

Appendix D: Properties of Steel Beams and Pipes

Appendix E: Mechanical and Dimensional Properties of Wood

Appendix F: Beam Equations

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Indiana University - Purdue University Fort Wayne Opus: Research & Creativity at IPFW Manufacturing and Construction Engineering Department of Manufacturing and Construction Technology Faculty Publications Engineering Technology 8-2016 Applied Strength of Materials for Engineering Technology Barry Dupen Indiana University - Purdue University Fort Wayne, dupenb@ipfw.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://opus.edu/mcetid_facpubs Part of the Applied Mechanics Commons This edition has been superseded. Opus Citation Barry Dupen (2016). Applied Strength of Materials for Engineering Technology.edu/mcetid_facpubs/48 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Manufacturing and Construction Engineering Technology at Opus: Research & Creativity at IPFW. It has been accepted for inclusion in Manufacturing and Construction Engineering Technology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Opus: Research & Creativity at IPFW. For more information, please contact admin@lib. Applied Strength of Materials for Engineering Technology Barry Dupen Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering Technology, Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne v. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.org for license details. 1 Table of Contents Preface.3 Shear Stress in Beams.87 Purpose of the Book.4 Chapter 10: Beam Deflection.5 Radius of Curvature.6 The Formula Method for Simple Cases.9 Formula Method Hints.98 Chapter 1: Introduction to Strength of Materials.11 The Formula Method for Complex Cases: Superposition.98 What is Strength of Materials?.11 Visualizing the Deflection Curve.100 The Factor-Label Method of Unit Conversion.12 Chapter 11: Beam Design.102 Chapter 2: Stress and Strain.17 Wide-Flange Steel Beam Design in Six Easy Steps.102 Normal Stress and Strain.17 Timber Beam Design in Six Easy Steps.19 All Other Beams.110 Shear Stress and Strain.20 Chapter 12: Combined Stresses.112 Chapter 3: Poisson's Ratio and Thermal Expansion.23 Bending in Two Directions.112 Thermal Expansion and Thermal Stress.114 Chapter 4: Pressure Vessels and Stress Concentrations.28 Chapter 13: Statically Indeterminate Beams.118 Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels.28 Defining Determinate and Indeterminate Beams.118 Stress Concentration in Tension.30 Method of Superposition.118 Chapter 5: Bolted and Welded Joints.33 Chapter 14: Buckling of Columns.124 Bolted Lap Joints Loaded in Tension.33 Types of Columns.124 Welded Lap Joints.38 Ideal Slender Columns.124 Chapter 6: Properties of Areas.41 Structural Steel Columns.126 Dimensions and Area.41 Steel Machine Parts.127 Centroid and Centroidal Axes.41 Chapter 15: Visualizing Stress and Strain.130 Moment of Inertia of a Rectangle.130 Compound Beams Sharing a Centroidal Axis.42 Stress at the Base of a Short Block.130 Hollow Beams Sharing a Centroidal Axis.131 The Transfer Formula.148 Compound Beams With Different Neutral Axes.148 Hollow Beams With Different Neutral Axes.48 Other Reading Material.148 Moment of Inertia about the y-y Neutral Axis.54 SI System of Units.149 Radius of Gyration.54 US Customary System of Units.149 Polar Moment of Inertia.54 Appendix B: Materials Properties.150 Chapter 7: Torsion in Round Shafts.55 Metals, Concrete, & Stone.150 Shear Stress in a Round Shaft.55 Appendix C: Properties of Areas.154 Angle of Twist in a Round Shaft.57 Center of Gravity, Area, Moment of Inertia, and Radius of Stress Concentration in Torsion.154 Chapter 8: Beam Reactions, Shear Diagrams, and Moment Appendix D: Properties of Steel Beams and Pipes.157 Loads on Beams.161 Reactions for Simply-Supported Simple Beams.162 Reactions for Overhanging and Cantilever Beams.64 Appendix E: Mechanical and Dimensional Properties of Wood.66 Mechanical Properties of Air-Dried Boards and Timber.72 Softwood Lumber and Timber Sizes.164 Chapter 9: Stresses in Beams.82 Appendix F: Beam Equations.166 Bending Stress in Beams.171 Bending Stress in Wide-Flange Steel Beams.171 2 Preface Preface Purpose of the Book 1.9 million bachelors degrees are awarded annually in the US.1 About 92 thousand are Engineering degrees, and about 17 thousand are Engineering Technology degrees and Technician degrees. The number of Mechanical, Civil, and Construction Engineering Technology graduates is only about 2 thousand per year, so the market for algebra-based Strength of Materials textbooks for Engineering Technology is a small fraction of the market for calculus-based Engineering textbooks. Since I attended college in the 1980s, textbook prices have risen about twice as fast as inflation. The internet did not exist back then, so all textbooks were printed. Now we have another option: low-cost or free online e-books which are revised more frequently than printed books. While traditional textbooks are revised every 4 to 10 years based on input from experts in the topic, this e-book is revised every semester based on input from experts in learning: the students. Students complain that the explanations in many Engineering Technology textbooks are too theoretical, too wordy, and too difficult to understand. They also complain about the lack of complete unit conversions in example problems, and inconsistent use of symbols between related courses. For example, some authors use sn, ss, and e for normal stress, shear stress, and strain, instead of the standard Greek symbols σ, τ, and ε. This use of Latin characters with multiple subscripts confuses students because the Greek symbols are used in other textbooks, and because capital S is used for section modulus later in the course. Students have trouble distinguishing between s and S on the chalkboard and in their notes. Professors complain that too many students copy answers from online solution manuals or fraternity homework files instead of learning to solve problems from scratch, then these students fail exams. Probably 10% of the learning in Strength of Materials occurs in class, and 90% occurs as students solve problems. Deliberately, the problem set for this book is not available online, and is changed every semester. I teach Strength of Materials to Mechanical and Construction Engineering Technology students. These students tell me they want help with algebra skills, unit conversions, and problem-solving approaches. The problem set that accompanies this book contains problems requiring an algebraic answer as well as traditional problems requiring a numerical answer. The Factor-Label Method of Unit Conversion is emphasized from the first chapter, and is used in all example problems. Summarizing, the goals of this book are: • Free distribution over the internet • Frequent revisions based on student input • Concise explanations • Examples with complete unit conversions • Standard Greek symbols for stress and strain • Problems requiring algebraic answers as well as problems requiring numerical answers • Problems requiring answers in sentences to show reasoning and understanding of the topics This e-book is revised on an ongoing basis. Please send suggestions for improvement to me at dupenb@ipfw. Barry Dupen Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne Fort Wayne, Indiana August, 2016 1 Data from 2013-2014. Current numbers are in the Digest of Educational Statistics, published by the National Center for Educational Statistics, U. Department of Education, at nces. 3 Preface Editors These IPFW students edited the text and contributed to improving this book: Jacob Ainsworth Tayler Cummings Frank Hoffman Adam McCarty Riley Schuette Aaron Alexander Brian Daley James Hoppes Tori McGairk Zeke Schultz George Allwein Christopher Davis Bradley Horn Michael McLinden Justin Self Matthew Amberg Patrick Davis Derick Hostetler Riley McMurray Ryan Sellers Jared Archer Ross Dillion Josef Ifer James McVicker Philip Sheets Mark Archer Joshua Dunlap Sujinda Jaisa-Ard Angela Mendoza Nathan Sheneman Mark Armstrong Jared Elliott Ariana Jarvis Jedd Minnich Keith Shepherd Justin Arnold Stephen England Daniel Johns Kaitlin Moore Scott Shifflett Stuart Aspy Cameron Eyman Jason Joyner Derek Morreale Brad Shamo Caleb Averill Jacob Falk Lucas Kaiser Senaid Mrzljak Matthew Shimko Alex Baer Joshua Farlee John Keene Travis Mullendore Kenneth Short Trenton Barnett Christopher Faurote Adam Kelling Blake Nicol Trenton Shrock Ryan Baughman Tyler Faylor Adam Kennedy Kyle Noll George Siddons Jacob Beard Austin Fearnow Joseph Kent Michael Nusbaum Travis Singletary Neil Beauchot Benjamin Fiechter Hannah Kiningham Mitchell Olney Eric Shorten Mitchell Bellam Alexander Fisher Nate Kipfer Jordan Owens Shane Slone Aaron Bender John Fisher Patrick Kirk Jason Pace Jacob Smarker Emily Bendix Misael Flores Andrew Kitrush Ryan Pearce Ellen Smith Maverick Birch Charles Foreman Rachael Klopfenstein Jacob Penland Matthew Somerlott Kevin Black Bryce Forrester Joel Kumfer Nicholas Penrod Joshua Sorge John Blankenship Camden Fox Branden Lagassie Luis Perea Matthew Steiner Connor Bleke Dominick Franco Kyle Lagemann Tad Pfefferkorn Jason Strole Jason Bobay Michael Friddle Doug Lambert John Pham Jonas Susaraba Tyler Bolinger Nathan Frye Brandon Lane Clayton Philips Troy Sutterfield Daniel Bone Jacob Gaerte Justin Lantz John Pogue Robert Swanson Crystal Boyd Brett Gagnon Taylor Lantz Gabe Powell Christopher Swygart Valerie Bratten Joseph Gallmeyer Patrick Laroy Braxton Powers Kyle Tew Aaron Bryant Matthew Gamble Venus Lee Nathan Pratt Zach Thorn Brady Bryant Carl Garringer Christopher Leek Trey Proper Nathaniel Timmons Gregory Bunn Shane Giddens Daniel Lewis Dakota Rassman Jason Tonner Nicholas Burchell Andrew Gordon Jonathan Lewis Justin Reese Chandler Tracey Justin Byerley Almario Greene Park Lickliter James Reitz Cody Turner Blake Cain Michael Gresley Eric Liles Matthew Rejak James Upton Danny Calderon Ryan Guiff Joseph Lortie James Rensberger Jason Vachon Brody Callaghan Lucas Hahn Andrew Loughborough Shawn Reuille Thadius Vesey Esperanza Castillo David Halpin Jonah Mack Daniel Reynolds Dakota Vogel Richard Chadwick Charles Hanes Kyle Macke Daniel Rieman Scott Vorndran Tyler Chambers Adam Hanford Cullan Magnuson Charles Rinehart Charles Wadsworth Brian Chaney Christian Harmeyer Linda Manduka Jason Ringer Jay Wehrle Jacob Clasen Brian Harper Austin Mann Derek Ripley Travis Weigold Zachary Clevenger James Harris Dalton Mann Matthew Roell Sam Weisser Ryan Clingenpeel Skyler Hayes David MarcAurele Jennifer Royer Brock Westergaard Mitchell Comparet Matthew Hauter Lucas Martin Connor Ruby Grant Wilson Uriel Contreras Alexander Heine Sterling Martin Brandon Rude Kenneth Win Jordan Cook Cody Hepler Alex Mason Austin Rumsey Scott Wolfe Logan Counterman Cameron Herring La Keisha Mason Billie Saalfrank Michael Woodcock Stephen Cox Ben Hinora Jason Mayes Zachary Saylor Lyndsay Wright Dillon Craig Kaleb Herrick Jacob Mazurek John Schafer Matthew Young Chad Crosby Spencer Hille Joel McBain Zackory Schaefer Tang Zhong Daniel Cummings Tyler Hinora Additional editing suggestions were provided by Neil Petroff, Visiting Assistant Professor at Purdue University South Bend; Israr Ahmad of Dammam, Saudi Arabia; and Dr. Parviz Ghavami of Harlingen, Texas. 4 Preface Cover Photos Cover photos by the author. Geodesic greenhouses at The Eden Project, Bodelva, England (2000); barn ceiling at Somerset Rural Life Museum, Glastonbury, England (14th century); interior of a tourist kiosk near Squamish, British Columbia; 8 mile long Confederation Bridge between New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island (1997); interior of Fitch's covered bridge, Delhi, New York (1870); Menai suspenion bridge, Menai Bridge, Wales (1826). This book was created with the Apache Software Foundation's Open Office software v.2 5 Terminology Terminology Symbols used in this book, with typical units Because the Roman and Greek alphabets contain a finite number of letters, symbols are recycled and used for more than one term. Check the context of the equation to figure out what the unit means in that equation. Other science and engineering disciplines use different symbols for common terms. For example, P is used for point load here; in Physics classes, F is commonly used for point load. Some older Strength of Materials texts use µ for Poisson's ratio, s for stress, and e for strain; the formulas are the same, but the labels differ. Units SI Units α Thermal expansion coefficient °F-1 °C-1 γ Shear strain ⋯ ⋯ γ Specific weight lb.3 N/m3 δ Change in dimension (length, diameter, etc. mm Δ Change ⋯ ⋯ Δ Beam deflection in. mm ε Strain ⋯ ⋯ η joint Joint efficiency % % ν Poisson's ratio ⋯ ⋯ ρ Density slug/ft.3 kg/m3 σ Normal (perpendicular) stress psi, ksi MPa τ Shear (parallel) stress psi, ksi MPa θ Angle of twist (radians) (radians) A,a Area in.2 mm2, m2 A' Term in the General Shear Formula in.2 mm2, m2 b Base dimension of a rectangle in. mm c Torsion problem: distance from centroid to outer surface in. mm Beam problem: distance from neutral axis to outer surface d Diameter in. mm d Transfer distance in. mm di ,do Inside and outside diameters of a pipe in. mm dH Hole diameter in. mm e Eccentricity in. mm E Young's modulus (a. modulus of elasticity) psi, ksi MPa F. Factor of safety ⋯ ⋯ G Shear modulus (a. modulus of rigidity) psi, ksi MPa h Height dimension of a rectangle in. mm h Fillet weld throat in. mm I Moment of inertia in.4 mm4 J Polar moment of inertia in.

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