Rừng ngập mặn và rủi ro sản xuất trong nuôi trồng thủy sản tại đồng bằng sông Cửu Long, Việt Nam

Luận văn thạc sĩ nghiên cứu ueh mangrove and production risk in aquaculture in mekong river delta vietnam, đánh giá hiện trạng, phân tích vấn đề, đề xuất biện pháp hoàn thiện

2015

113
1
0

Phí lưu trữ

35 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

LỜI MỞ ĐẦU

1. CHƯƠNG 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Problem statement

1.2. Research objective

1.3. Research questions

1.4. Scope of the paper

1.5. Structure of this thesis

2. CHƯƠNG 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. The ecological functions of mangrove forests

2.2. The economic value of mangrove systems

2.3. The theory of production risk

2.4. The impact of mangrove forests on production process

2.5. Empirical studies about production risk

3. CHƯƠNG 3: RESEARCH METHODS

3.1. Overview of the Mekong river delta

3.2. Neoclassical economic theory

3.3. Two approaches in production economics

3.4. A dual approach - The profit function

3.5. Data collection method

4. CHƯƠNG 4: RESEARCH RESULTS

4.1. Mangrove forests versus profit

4.2. Output and input prices versus profit

4.3. Fixed inputs versus profit

4.4. Operator’s management ability versus profit

4.5. Testing for production risk

4.6. Regression results for the effect of mangroves on profit per square meter

4.7. Regression results for the impact of mangrove forests on the profit variability in aquaculture production

5. CHƯƠNG 5: CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATION

5.1. Limitations and further research

Appendix B: Test for the presence of heteroskedasticity

Appendix C: Correlation matrix and testing for multi-collinearity

Appendix D: Technical efficiency

ABBREVIATIONS

ABSTRACT

DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

Trích đoạn nội dung tài liệu

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS ERASMUS UNVERSITY ROTTERDAM HO CHI MINH CITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS MANGROVE AND PRODUCTION RISK IN AQUACULTURE IN THE MEKONG RIVER DELTA, VIETNAM BY DO HUU LUAT MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2015 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS ERASMUS UNVERSITY ROTTERDAM HO CHI MINH CITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS MANGROVE AND PRODUCTION RISK IN AQUACULTURE IN THE MEKONG RIVER DELTA, VIETNAM A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By DO HUU LUAT Academic Supervisor: TRUONG DANG THUY HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2015 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com DECLARATION This declaration is to certify that this thesis entitled “Mangrove and Production risk in aquaculture in the Mekong river delta, Vietnam”, which is submitted to fulfill the requirements for the degree of Master of Art in Development Economics to the Vietnam – The Netherlands Programme (VNP), constitutes only my original work only. All materials used in this thesis have been acknowledged and cited properly following the Programme’s standards. DO HUU LUAT LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGMENTS “Success is no accident. It is hard work, perseverance, learning, studying, sacrifice and most of all, love of what you are doing or learning to do.” – Pele This thesis has been finished thanks to supporting and motivation from many people. First of all, I am proud of me and would like to give my first thank to myself. Two years ago, I did not believe that I could complete this course as well as a scientific thesis. I have overcome myself and struggled a lot in order to do this. Secondly, the authors are grateful to Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA) for funding data collection. Thirdly, I would like to give the sincerest thank to my supervisor - Dr. Truong Dang Thuy, who has given a precious opportunity to experience a study in reality. Besides, he allowed me to utilize his data to serve this thesis and gave invaluable suggestions to me. Moreover, I am grateful to all lecturers VNP and staffs VNP who have helped and taught me salutary knowledge over two years. Fourthly, I want to spend the best wishes to all my friends at VNP. They have been accompanying me in the journey of learning and studying at VNP, this will be my unforgettable experience. Finally, I devote my thesis to my parents who always support and give me incentive regardless of what the way I choose. DO HUU LUAT LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT Utilizing survey data in aquaculture activities in 2014 from the Mekong river delta- Vietnam, this paper aims to examine the impact of mangrove forests on profit and profit variability in extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture farms (mostly shrimp farms). The Just-Pope framework for a stochastic short-run profit function is applied to examine the impacts of inputs on both the deterministic component and the stochastic component of profit. The most crucial characteristics of mangrove forests such as the area of mangrove forests in farm, the density of mangrove trees per 100 square meter, and the area of mangrove forests within 500, 1000, and 2000, are utilized in this paper. The main estimation method is the Maximum likelihood (ML) estimator for the log- likelihood function employed to investigate the relationship between mangrove forests and profit as well as its variability. Apart from the ML estimator, other estimation methods (including FGLS, Robust S.E, and SUR) are also employed to test robustness of the regression results. The results show robust evidences that mangrove forests have negative effect and variance-reducing effect on profit in extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture farms. From these results, it implies that when converting more mangrove into water surface area, farmers earn higher profit at higher risk, and that a risk-averse farmer will plant more mangrove forests in farm than the risk-neutral farmer. Keywords: Mangrove forests, Production risk, Aquaculture, Profit function. i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT . iv LIST OF FIGURES . v LIST OF TABLES . vii CHAPTER 11 INTRODUCTION .4 Scope of the paper .5 Structure of this thesis . 4 CHAPTER 25 LITERATURE REVIEW .1 The ecological functions of mangrove forests .2 The economic value of mangrove systems.3 The theory of production risk .1 The impact of mangrove forests on production process.2 Empirical studies about production risk . 16 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODS .1 Overview of the Mekong river delta .3 Neoclassical economic theory .1 Two approaches in production economics .2 A dual approach - The profit function .2 Data collection method . 35 ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. 39 CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH RESULTS .1 Mangrove forests versus profit .2 Output and input prices versus profit .3 Fixed inputs versus profit .4 Operator’s management ability versus profit .1 Testing for production risk .2 Regression results for the effect of mangroves on profit per square meter .3 Regression results for the impact of mangrove forests on the profit variability in aquaculture production . 73 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATION .3 Limitations and further research. 91 Appendix B: Test for the presence of heteroskedasticity . 94 Appendix C: Correlation matrix and testing for multi-collinearity . 101 Appendix D: Technical efficiency. 102 iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABBREVIATIONS FGLS Feasible Generalized Least Squares GDP Gross Domestic Products GLS Generalized Least Squares GSO General Statistics Office ML Maximum Likelihood OLS Ordinary Least Squares SUR Seemingly Unrelated Regressions WRI World Resources Institute iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Land use in the Mekong River delta, 2007 . The ecological functions of mangrove forests are in seafood production .2 The mixed mangrove-aquaculture farming systems . Profit function with respect to output price .1 The distribution of observed aquaculture farms .2 Scatter diagram of profit per square meter on the ratio of mangrove area in farms.3 Scatter diagram of profit per square meter on the density of mangrove trees in farms .4 Scatter diagram of profit per square meter on the area of mangroves in 500 meter.5 Scatter diagram of profit per square meter on the area of mangroves in 2000 meter.6 Scatter diagram of profit per square meter on output price .7 Scatter diagram of profit per square meter on chemical price .8 Scatter diagram of profit per square meter on fry price .9 Scatter diagram of profit per square meter on total area .10 Scatter diagram of profit per square meter on family working hours .11 Scatter diagram of profit per square meter on age of household head .12 Scatter diagram of profit per square meter on Operator’s schooling years .13 Scatter diagram of production risk on the ratio of mangrove area in farm .14 Scatter diagram of production risk on the density of mangrove trees in farm . 74 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.15 Scatter diagram of production risk on the area of mangroves in radius 500 meter.16 Scatter diagram of production risk on the area of mangroves in radius 2000 . 75 vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Total economic value of a mangrove resource .1 The primal and dual approach .1 Summary of the sample data .2 Descriptive statistics of the variables in the sample data .3 Heteroskedasticity tests with the models .4 Regression results of mangrove forests and profit per a square meter (MLE).5 Regression results of mangrove forests and profit per square meter (SUR) .6 Regression results of mangrove forests and profit per square meter (FGLS and Robust S.7 The impact of mangrove forests on the variability of profit (Production risk) .8 The impact of mangrove forests on the profit variability using other methods (FGLS, Robust S. 79 vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement Mangrove forests are primary ecosystems along coastlines, riverbanks in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. They provide protection to deal with extreme climate problems such as storms, floods, and tsunamis. About 30 mangrove trees per 100 square meters with the depth of 100 meters may prevent the damage of a tsunami up to 90 percent (Hiraishi and Harada, 2003). Based on biodiversity, mangroves also provide good habitats as well as nutrients to flora and faunal species, for instance birds, monkeys, and snakes. Moreover, mangrove forests can alleviate erosion of riverbank shoreline and alleviate the rising of sea level with allowable and reasonable cost (e. In addition, mangrove forests contribute a significant part to income of households who live nearby mangrove forests. Barbier (2007) found that people could earn $12,392 per hectare of mangrove forest, economic annual value, from wood products, fishery and non-wood products (e. honey, nipa palm). Nowadays, the area of mangrove forests have been significantly shrunk worldwide since the mid-twentieth century. Specifically, over one-fifth of mangrove forests have been lost since 1995 (Spalding, Kainuma, & Collins, 2010), and most of mangrove forests decrease occur in Southeast Asia and Latin America. For example, 70 percent of the mangrove forest was diminished in the period from 1920 to 1990 in Philippines, while this rate in Malaysia was around 17 percent during the period of 1965-1985 (WRI 1996). The area of mangrove forests in 1993 have existed about 54 percent in comparison with this one in 1975 in Thailand (Sathirathai, 1998). In Vietnam, the rapid reduction of mangrove forests occurred in the last century. There are many reasons for the decrease in mangrove forest areas such as conversing of forest land to economic activities, harvesting timber products, and increasing in 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com population; whereas the major factor is the expansion of aquaculture ponds into mangrove forests (Spalding, Blasco, and Field., 1997; Lewis et al. Besides, the deforestation of mangrove forests has significantly increased in recent years in South Asia due to the use and scale of forest products of local users (Giri et al.1 Land use in the Mekong River delta, 2007. Source: The Sub-National Institute for Agricultural Planning and Projection (Sub- NIAPP), Vietnam. From the beginning of 1995, in the South of Viet Nam, mangrove forests have been distributed and contracted to households for the purposes of livelihood and conservation. Some parts of the allotted mangrove forests, under this policy, can be converted (depending on each province’s policy) to economic activities comprising aquaculture, agriculture and other fields as described in Figure 1. In more detail, households can convert a certain part of mangrove forests in farms to areas utilized for 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com shrimp farming or crops cultivation. However, the area of mangrove forests allotted to households was over-exploited because of the poor enforcement of regulations in Vietnam. This over-exploitation has brought some serious problems to social as well as household’s welfare, for instance floods, hurricanes, and storms. Therefore, the existence of mangrove forests in production area has contributed to household’s welfare and helped to alleviate the damage caused by natural disasters in production process. Researchers have recognized the importance of mangrove forests and the reality of deforestation. Hence, most of studies have focused on calculating of the value of mangrove forests or finding a good way to reduce mangrove deforestation. Furthermore, some studies attempt to investigate the behavior of households towards the conversion of some area of mangrove forests into other land uses. Nevertheless, whether the existence of mangrove forests have effects on household production activities in the area of aquaculture or agriculture is still an open question.

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