ENERGY RESOURCES AVAILABILITY, MANAGEMENT, and ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT SERIES EDITOR Abbas Ghassemi New Mexico State University PUBLISHED TITLES Energy Resources: Availability, Management, and Environmental Impacts Kenneth J. Skipka and Louis Theodore Finance Policy for Renewable Energy and a Sustainable Environment Michael Curley Wind Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment, Second Edition Vaughn Nelson Solar Radiation: Practical Modeling for Renewable Energy Applications Daryl R. Myers Solar and Infrared Radiation Measurements Frank Vignola, Joseph Michalsky, and Thomas Stoffel Forest-Based Biomass Energy: Concepts and Applications Frank Spellman Introduction to Renewable Energy Vaughn Nelson Geothermal Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment William E. Glassley Solar Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment Robert Foster, Majid Ghassemi, Alma Cota, Jeanette Moore, and Vaughn Nelson ENERGY RESOURCES AVAILABILITY, MANAGEMENT, and ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Kenneth J.
Skipka Louis Theodore CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U. Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20140131 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-1740-0 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained.
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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Skipka, Kenneth J. Energy resources : availability, management, and environmental impacts / Kenneth J. Skipka and Louis Theodore.
pages cm ‑‑ (Energy and the environment ; 11) Includes bibliographical references and index.79‑‑dc23 2013040447 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.com To those who seek a true and complete understanding of the world’s energy problems and continually strive to select the best available resources to meet energy demands considering all attendant impacts. Our collective existence and prosperity are in their hands. Skipka and Governor Mike Huckabee—who thankfully continues to confront the negative impacts of a biased media, and whose commitment to traditional values and the American Dream has never wavered. Lou Theodore Contents Series Preface.
xvii Series Editor. xxiii The Authors. xxv Section I Basic Principles 1. Introduction to the Issues.4 Conservation Law for Energy.
10 Net Energy Analysis. 11 Developing a National Energy Policy. Thermodynamic Principles: Entropy Analysis. 17 Qualitative Review of the Second Law.
19 The Heat Exchanger Dilemma. 32 The First Humans. 33 The Industrial Revolution. 35 Effect of Demand of Energy Resources.
38 vii viii Contents Nuclear Energy.42 Future Energy Demands. Sustainability and Green Science/Engineering. 51 Sustainable Development Considerations. 53 Resources for Sustainability.
57 Green Science/Engineering. 58 Introduction to Green Chemistry. 58 Introduction to Green Science/Engineering. 61 Green Chemistry versus Green Engineering.
67 The Regulatory System. 68 Laws and Regulations: The Differences. 69 The Role of the States. 71 The Department of Energy (DOE).
73 The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). 75 Energy Information Administration (EIA). 76 The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).77 The 2013 New York State Energy Plan.80 Overview of New York’s State Energy Plan. The Modern Energy Matrix: An Overview.
89 Energy System Components. 91 Contents ix Transportation/Transmission. 95 Energy Matrix Overview. 102 Section II Energy Resources: Fossil Fuels 7.
107 Availability/Distribution and Characterization. 112 Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission. 126 Future Prospects and Concerns. 132 Availability/Distribution and Characterization.
134 Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission. 148 Future Prospects and Concerns. 151 x Contents Early History. 152 Availability/Distribution and Characterization.
155 Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission. 159 Future Prospects and Concerns. 164 Availability/Distribution and Characterization. 165 Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission.
168 Future Prospects and Concerns. 174 Availability/Distribution and Characterization. 176 Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission. 179 Future Prospects and Concerns.
181 Section III Other Energy Resources 12. 186 Contents xi Availability, Distribution, and Characterization. 189 Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission. 193 Future Prospects and Concerns.
199 Availability/Distribution and Characterization. 203 Extraction, Conversion, and Transportation/Transmission. 203 Extraction and Conversion. 208 Plant Accidents/Safety.
209 Future Prospects and Concerns. 217 Availability/Distribution and Characterization. 220 Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission. 224 Future Prospects and Concerns.
228 xii Contents Availability/Distribution and Characterization. 230 Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission. 236 Future Prospects and Concerns. 240 Availability/Distribution and Characterization.
243 Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission. 244 Processing and Transportation/Transmission. 247 Future Prospects and Concerns. 252 Availability/Distribution and Characterization.
253 Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission. 257 Future Prospects and Concerns. 262 Availability/Distribution and Characterization. 264 Refuse/Municipal Solid Waste (MSW).
264 Contents xiii Wood. 268 Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission. 272 Future Prospects and Concerns. Other Energy Sources.
277 Fuels Derived from Coals and Oils. 278 Coal Char and Liquids. 278 Gaseous Fuels from Coal. 279 By-Product Gas from Gasification.
279 Coal–Water Mixture. 281 Ocean Thermal Energy. 283 Section IV Aspects of Energy Management 20. Energy Demand and Distribution Systems.
287 The Evolution of Energy Demand. 291 The Role of Distribution Systems. Conservation, Sustainability, and Green Engineering. 298 Chemical Plant and Process Applications.
302 xiv Contents Cooking.309 Ducts and Piping. 315 Environmental Management Topics. 318 The Health Risk Evaluation Process. 321 The Hazard Risk Assessment Process.
333 Evaluation of Sums of Money. 333 Uniform Series of Payments.334 Fabricated Equipment Cost Index. 335 Capital Recovery Factor. 335 Present Net Worth.
336 Break-Even Point. 337 Approximate Rate of Return. 337 Exact Rate of Return. 338 Contents xv Capital Costs.
341 Energy Cost Data.343 Hidden Economic Factors.344 Project Evaluation and Optimization.345 Principles of Accounting. 351 The Political Problem Associated with Natural Resource Wealth. Challenges Facing Future Energy Policy Makers. 359 Present Energy State.
361 Energy Sources of the Future. 362 Some Policy Suggestions for the Future. 365 Unnecessary Use of Energy. 365 Applying the Concept of Net Energy.
367 Energy Forecasts for New York State and Canada. 369 New York State Plan. 372 Section V Energy Management Solutions 26. Introduction to Energy Policy Issues.
377 Energy Policy Priority. 378 Is Energy Independence a Legitimate Goal?. 379 xvi Contents The Responsibility of Government. Energy–Environmental Interactions.
Energy–Environmental Policy Issues. 387 General Overview/Comments. 388 Net Energy Concepts. 389 Interaction with Other Goals.
390 Environmental Concerns: A Technological Mandate. 393 Individual State Energy Policies. 394 Global Energy Policies. Quantitative Analysis of Energy Management Options.
399 Energy Resource Comparison Procedure.400 Energy Resource Comparative Analysis: United States (2015–2025).404 Energy Resource Comparative Analysis: Developed Nations (2015–2025). 407 Energy Resource Comparative Analysis: Underdeveloped Nations (2015–2025). Solving the Energy Management Policy Challenge. 413 Public or Private Control.
417 The Tasks at Hand. 419 Design Considerations for an Energy Management Plan. 420 Phase 1—Structural Elements. 421 Phase 2—Team Organization and Leadership.
421 Phase 3—Establish Goal and Objectives.423 Phase 5—Implementation Strategy.423 Phase 6—Critical Reviews. 424 Factors for Consideration in Developing Energy Policy. 431 Series Preface By 2050, the demand for energy could double or even triple as the global pop- ulation rises and developing countries expand their economies. According to data from the United Nations, it is projected that world population will increase from 7.2 billion to more than 9 billion in 2050.
This increase, coupled with continued demand for the same, limited natural resources, will cause significant increase in consumption of energy. All life on Earth depends on energy and the cycling of carbon. Affordable energy resources are essential for economic and social development as well as food production, water sup- ply availability, and sustainable, healthy living. In order to avoid long-term adverse and potentially irreversible impact of harvesting energy resources, we must explore all aspects of energy production and consumption, includ- ing energy efficiency, clean energy, global carbon cycle, carbon sources and sinks, and biomass as well as their relationship to climate and natu- ral resource issues.
Knowledge of energy has allowed humans to flourish in numbers unimaginable to our ancestors. The world’s dependence on fossil fuels began approximately 200 years ago. Are we running out of oil? No, but we are certainly running out of the affordable oil that has powered the world economy since the 1950s. We know how to recover fossil fuels and har- vest their energy for operating power plants, planes, trains, and automobiles, which results in modifying the carbon cycle and additional greenhouse gas emissions.
This has resulted in the debate on availability of fossil energy resources, peak oil era, and timing for the anticipated end of fossil fuel era, and price and environmental impact versus various renewable resources and use, carbon footprint, emission, and control, including cap and trade, and the emergence of “green power.” Our current consumption has largely relied on oil for mobile applications and coal, natural gas, nuclear, or water power for stationary applications. In order to address the energy issues in a comprehensive manner, it is vital to consider the complexity of energy. Any energy resource including oil, gas, coal, wind, biomass, etc., is an element of a complex supply chain and must be considered in the entirety as a system from production through con- sumption. All of the elements of the system are interrelated and interdepen- dent.
Oil, for example, requires consideration for interlinking of all of the elements, including exploration, drilling, production, transportation, water usage and production, refining, refinery products and by-products, waste, environmental impact, distribution, consumption/application, and finally emissions. Inefficiency in any part of the system has impact on the overall system and disruption if one of these elements causes major interruption and a significant cost impact. As we have experienced in the past, interrupted exploration will result in disruption in production, restricted refining and xvii xviii Series Preface distribution, and consumption shortages; therefore, any proposed energy solution requires careful evaluation and, as such, may be one of the key bar- riers to implementing the proposed use of hydrogen as a mobile fuel. Even though an admirable level of effort has gone into improving the efficiency of fuel sources for delivery and use of energy, we are faced with severe challenges on many fronts.
These include population growth, emerg- ing economies, new and expanded usage, and limited natural resources. All energy solutions include some level of risk, including technology SNAFUs, changes in market demand, economic drivers, and others. This is particu- larly true when proposing energy solutions involving implementation of untested alternative energy technologies. There are concerns that emissions from fossil fuels lead to changing cli- mate with possibly disastrous consequences.
Over the past five decades, the world’s collective greenhouse gas emissions have increased significantly, even as efficiency has increased, resulting in extending energy benefits to more of the population. Many propose that we improve the efficiency of energy use and conserve resources to lessen greenhouse gas emissions and avoid a climate catastrophe. Using fossil fuels more efficiently has not reduced overall greenhouse gas emissions due to various reasons and it is unlikely that such initiatives will have a perceptible effect on atmospheric greenhouse gas content.