Health and Safety: Risk Management Health and Safety: Risk Management is the clearest and most comprehensive book on risk management available today. This newly revised fifth edition takes into account new developments in legis- lation, standards and good practice. ISO 45001, the international health and safety management system standard, is given comprehensive treatment, and the latest ISO 9004 and ISO 19011 have also been addressed. The book is divided into four main parts.1 begins with a basic introduction to the techniques of health and safety risk management and continues with a description of ISO 45001.2 covers basic human factors including how the sense organs work and the psychology of the individual.1 deals with more advanced techniques of risk management including advanced incident investigation, audit and risk assessment, and Part 2.2 covers a range of advanced human factors topics including human error and decision making.
This authoritative treatment of health and safety risk management is essential reading for both students working towards degrees, diplomas and postgraduate or vocational qualifications, and experienced health and safety professionals, who will find it invaluable as a reference. Dr Tony Boyle is a freelance consultant specialising in research and development aspects of health and safety. He has extensive consultancy, lecturing and training experience in Europe and has also worked in Hong Kong, Thailand and the USA. Tony began his career with the National Institute of Industrial Psychology in 1968.
He left the NIIP to do the research for his PhD on ‘The statistical theory of accident causation’. He has held various occupational safety and occupational psychology research and lecturing posts. Until 1998 he was chairman of the health and safety consultancy Hastam. He remains a non-executive director of the company.
With a Master’s degree in computer expert systems, he has developed several computer programs for use in health safety and environmental management. He has also produced audit and evaluation systems for a number of organisations. Tony has carried out expert witness work, including work on high-profile cases such as the Buncefield explosion and the Potters Bar derailment. Tony has published over 50 papers, articles and chapters on accident causation, statistics in accident analysis, computer applications and human factors aspects of safety.
He is a frequent contri- butor to the Hastam blog at Hastam. He is a Chartered Fellow of IOSH, a Chartered Psychologist, a Registered Occupational Psychologist and a Certified Risk Professional. Health and Safety: Risk Management Fifth edition Dr Tony Boyle Fifth edition published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 Dr Tony Boyle The right of Dr Tony Boyle to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by IOSH 2000 Fourth edition published by Routledge 2018 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Boyle, Tony (Health and safety consultant), author. Title: Health and safety : risk management / Dr Tony Boyle.
Description: Fifth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018036918| ISBN 9781138349285 (hardback) | ISBN 9781138349216 (pbk.) Subjects: LCSH: Industrial safety—Management.
| Industrial hygiene—Management.4/08—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.gov/2018036918 ISBN: 978-1-138-34928-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-34921-6 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-43637-6 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Florence Production Ltd., Stoodleigh, Devon, UK Contents List of figures vii List of tables x 1 Preliminaries 1 Part 1.1: Risk management – introduction 5 2 Part 1.1 – overview 7 3 Risk management – setting the scene 9 4 Key elements of risk management 16 5 Risk and opportunity assessment 23 6 Risk control 36 7 Safe systems of work 49 8 Monitoring and measuring losses 58 9 Identifying causes and patterns 73 10 Monitoring and measuring conformity and achievement 101 11 Other elements of occupational health and safety management systems 110 12 Communication and training 122 Part 1.2: Human factors – introduction 135 13 Part 1.2 – common themes and overview 137 14 The individual – sensory and perceptual processes 145 15 The individual – psychology 175 16 The human factors environment 192 Part 2.1: Risk management – advanced 213 17 Part 2.1 – overview 215 18 Management systems 217 19 Measuring performance 242 20 Advanced accident investigation and risk assessment 291 21 Advanced risk control techniques 335 vi Contents 22 Emergency planning 358 23 Advanced audit and review 372 24 Financial issues 400 Part 2.2: Human factors – advanced 413 25 Part 2.2 – overview 415 26 Individual differences 416 27 Human error 436 28 Perception and decision making 442 29 External influences on human error 460 30 Improving human reliability 480 Index 493 Figures 3.1 What you need to know about hazardous events 9 3.2 Loss and the nature of assets 10 4.1 The elements in the risk and opportunity management model 17 4.2 ISO 45001 planning requirements 20 5.1 Summary of the risk and opportunity assessment process 24 6.1 Illustration of various terms used in discussing risk 46 6.2 Representation of risks in Figure 6.1 Partial HTA diagram for taking a bath 51 8.1 Quarterly figures for major accidents in 2016 64 8.2 Days lost per month through sickness in 2016 64 8.3 Hours of downtime per year (2013–16) 65 8.4 Damage costs in financial years 2012/13–2015/16 65 8.5 Monthly minor injury figures for 2016 66 8.6 Quarterly minor injury figures for 2016 66 8.7 Monthly accidents and moving mean (2016) 67 9.1 Accident investigation procedure 75 9.2 The Hale and Hale model 79 9.3 Generalised Domino Theory 83 9.4 The Swiss Cheese Model 86 10.1 Monitoring ‘cascade’ and audit 103 10.1 A simple electromechanical system 118 12.1 Systematic training model 132 12.2 Competency stages for the individual 133 14.1 Cross-section of the human eye 145 14.2 Small sections of the retina 149 14.4 Cross-section through the human ear 156 14.5 Section through the nasal cavities showing the location of the receptors for smell 162 14.6 Cross-section through the skin 165 14.7 The organs of balance 167 14.8 How a macula works 168 14.9 How semi-circular canals work 169 14.10 Diagrammatic representation of the semi-circular canals 170 14.11 The proprioceptors in a muscle (adapted from Kroemer and Grandjean) 171 14.12 Links between eye, muscles and brain (adapted from Kroemer and Grandjean) 172 15.1 Fuel consumption at different speeds 178 15.2 The relationship between the amount of work and recovery time 179 15.3 Typical daily IS and RAS activity 181 16.2 Organisation chart for a small service organisation 202 16.3 Organisation chart for a medium-sized production company 203 16.4 Top-level organisation chart for a large organisation (Chart 1) 204 viii Figures 16.5 Intermediate-level organisation chart for a large organisation (Chart 60) 204 16.6 Final-level organisation chart for a large organisation (Chart 61) 205 16.7 Non-hierarchical organisation chart for a small service company 205 16.8 Non-hierarchical organisation chart for a small production company 206 18.1 Generalised Plan–Do–Check–Act cycle 220 18.16 Concepts of the class ‘audit’ and related concepts 231 18.3 Main elements in the MORT HSMS 233 18.4 The EFQM Excellence Model (reproduced with the permission of EFQM Private Stichting) 237 19.1 An illustrative causation continuum 246 19.2 A management model based on safety culture 247 19.3 How many people have how many accidents? 255 19.4 Numbers of people having a specified number of accidents in a factory department (n = 40, whole department) 256 19.5 Numbers of men and women involved in assembly and packing having a specified number of accidents (n = 40, whole department) 257 19.6 Organisation’s expenditure on safety posters, 2014–16 257 19.7 Organisation’s expenditure on safety posters, 2014–16 258 19.8 Numbers of people having a specified number of accidents in a factory department (n = 40, whole department) 258 19.9 The main ways of distorting the information presented in a histogram 259 19.10 Histograms showing the effect of suppressing the zero 259 19.11 Numbers of managers getting particular scores on a safety test (n = 36) 265 19.12 Costs of 10 accidents selected at random from 254 accidents 266 19.13 Numbers of people having a specified number of accidents in a factory department (total number of people = 40) 267 19.14 Time to failure of 10,000 light bulbs 274 19.15 Cumulative probability of light bulb failure 274 19.16 Distribution of sampling variability for samples of 10 marbles drawn from a population of 50 white and 50 black marbles 278 19.17 Chart for recording the number of accidents in each month for 2017 283 19.18 Chart for recording monthly accident frequency rates for 2011 (expected frequency calculated on 2016 figures) 284 19.19 Chart for recording monthly running total frequency rates for 2011 (expected frequency calculated on 2016 figures) 286 19.20 Accidents by day of week for two departments 287 19.21 Time of accident occurrence in one department 288 19.22 Month of accident occurrence in one department 289 20.1 Simple events and causal factors analysis chart 295 20.2 General format for ECFA chart 296 20.3 Simplified MORT fault tree for barrier failure analysis 299 20.4 Simplified MORT fault tree for energy flow analysis 301 20.5 Simplified MORT fault tree for target analysis 302 20.6 Bird’s accident triangle 303 20.7 Severity distribution for a deep manhole shaft 310 20.8 Severity distribution for a shallow manhole shaft 310 20.9 Severity distribution for minor harm 311 20.10 Severity distribution for moderate harm 311 20.11 Simplified system description for a domestic gas boiler 317 Figures ix 20.12 System description for domestic gas boiler following HAZOP 322 20.13 Risk assessment map 324 20.14 Sample page of worksheet for FMEA of a domestic gas boiler 326 20.15 Sample FMEA summary sheet for a domestic gas boiler 327 20.16 Simplified Event Tree Analysis diagram 327 20.17 Partial ETA for a domestic gas boiler 328 20.18 Simplified fault tree 329 20.19 Partial FTA for an explosion in a domestic gas boiler casing 330 20.20 Sample of FTA symbols 331 21.1 Usual problem-solving strategy 339 21.2 The main features of a system 340 21.3 System diagram for a health and safety committee 342 21.4 Simple system diagram for hard hat wearing 343 21.5 Richer system diagram for hard hat wearing 344 21.6 Simple system diagram for a road traffic accident 345 21.7 Richer system diagram for a road traffic accident 345 21.8 An illustrative causation continuum 348 21.9 Links in ‘think, say and do’ 349 21.10 Feedback loops in ‘think, say and do’ 349 22.1 Planning the outcome 364 22.2 Action following the implementation of a plan 365 22.3 Summary of plan preparation procedure 366 22.4 Use of question sets for monitoring 367 22.5 Links between outcome and monitoring data 367 23.1 Flowchart of the ISO 19011 process 373 23.2 Information flow in the risk management system 391 24.1 Relationship between expenditure on risk management and losses 407 26.1 Generalised structure of intelligence 422 26.2 Dimensions of personality 425 27.1 Human error types 437 27.2 Individual behaviour in the face of danger model 438 28.1 The attention mechanism 443 28.2 Low- and high-association memory items 450 28.3 The attention mechanism and long-term memory 451 28.4 The place of short-term memory and expectancies in information processing 453 29.1 A simple sociogram for a nine-person group 468 30.2 Human–machine system, and the human–machine interface 486 Tables 5.1 Scale for rating the likelihood of a hazardous event 29 5.