THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY ---------- RHONALYN PEREZ AGUPO TOPIC TITLE: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN SEAPORT: CASE STUDY IN EAST COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full- time Major : Bachelor in Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Programs Office Batch : 2013- 2017 Thai Nguyen, 2017 i c ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student Name Rhonalyn Perez Agupo Student ID DTN1454290053 Environmental Management in Seaport: Thesis Title Case Study in East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia Supervisor (s) Dr. Jagan Jeevan; Dr. Duong Van Thao Abstract: Environmental pollution has drastically changed the air, water and terrestrial ecosystems. Seaport contribute significantly to the cause of pollution in the areas they are situated.
As maritime sector in Malaysia continues to grow and expand to facilitate global trade and maritime-related activities; it faces growing pressure and challenges to operate in an environmentally friendly manner. The environmental issues generated by shipping activities where pollutants often pose negative externalities to natural habitats and as well to humans, have become an important research topic. This paper aims to determine the environmental issues cause by shipping activities, due to the increasing environmental threats that may do harm to local sea life and human health in nearby communities and to propose the approaches to reduce environmental issues in seaports at East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, which can be apply for all the environmental impacts that seaport activities generate. Using quantitative research design, data was collected through survey questionnaire with personnel in seaports, transport operators, ministry/enforcement agencies and others such as engineers, department staffs etc.
in seaport at East Coast Peninsular, Malaysia. Furthermore, the result of this research indicates that the list of environmental issues occurring in seaport and also the strategies can implemented to reducing environmental issues in seaports at East Coast of Peninsular, Malaysia including Kuantan, Kememan and Kertih Port seaports. Keywords: Seaport; environmental issues; shipping activities; environmental strategies Number of Pages: Sixty (60) pages Date of Submission: October, 2017 ii c DEDICATION First and foremost, praise and thanks to LORD GOD Almighty who has blessed us all with so much love, guidance, wisdom and strength through this whole journey. I dedicate my research paper to my family and many friends.
A special feelings of gratitude to my loving parents, Roger and Librada Perez Agupo , my sister Lea Rose and my brother, Rico Yan for their support, encouragement, immeasurable understanding and love and most of all, prayers which never ceased. I also dedicate this research paper to my many friends who have supported me throughout the process. I will always appreciate all they have done, especially Nur Hafzan Afini and her family. iii c ACKNOWLEDGMENT This thesis would have not been completed without the valuable help of these people.
First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Jagan Jeevan, for the generous assistance in conducting my research. I am very grateful for his guidance, advises and encouraging words which became a big part of my writing process. Especial thanks to my adviser, Dr.
Duong Van Thao for his assistance, advice and support. Secondly, to the personnel at Kuantan, Kemaman and Kerteh Port for kindly sharing their knowledge to complete my research. Their intelligent responses during the survey process really contributed much to the success of my research. To my friend Michael, who have helped me in statistical analysis which is really useful in this thesis.
To my close friends, Rosette Princess R. Dela Torre, John Maverick De Leon, Real Angelo, Tran Van Nam, Claude Marcel W. Narito and Aldwin Centeno Cátillo for the moral support and for always remind me to be optimistic. Thank you for the encouragement which helped me to get through in difficult times.
Special thanks to Nur Hafzan Afini and her family, for their thoughtful and help during my data collection. I really appreciate your help. If it was not because of them, I would have not been able to get my questionnaires answered. To my beloved parents, who served as an inspiration for me to stay strong.
To my sister who encourages me while having my research. It was a tough time, but I am really grateful for the priceless advises you have been giving me. Above all, to the Almighty, for the guidance, strength and good health this enabled me to conduct this study. It is solely because of the knowledge, wisdom, and understanding.
He blessed me with that I was able to finish this research. Glory to GOD. iv c TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures…………………………………………………. vii List of Tables……………………………………………………………….……… viii List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………………….
ix PART I: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………… 1 1.4 Objectives of the study………………………………………….6 Significance of the study…………………………….8 Structure of the Research……………………………….9 Limitation of the Research………………………………………. 7 PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………….1 Air Pollution in Seaport Territory….2 Water Pollution in Seaport Territory…………………….3 Noise Pollution in Seaport Territory ………………………………… 16 2.3 Current Strategies to Overcome Environmental Issues in Seaport.………………… 28 PART III: METHODOLOGY…………………………………………….2 Population and Sample…………………………. 36 PART IV: RESULTS ……………………….2 Analysis and Interpreting Data………………………………………………… 40 4.1 Analysis of Environmental Issues in Seaports (Kemaman, Kertih ,Kuantan)……… …………………….2 Analysis of Environmental Issues in Seaport of East Coast Peninsular Malaysia ……….3 Analysis of Environmental Strategies can implement in Seaports (Kemaman, Kertih ,Kuantan) …………………………………………….4 Analysis of Environmental Strategies can implement in Seaport of East Coast Peninsular Malaysia…………. 51 PART V: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ……………………………….1 Discussion of the Analysis…………………….2 Summary of the Empirical Findings………………………………………….3 Contribution of the Research………………….
65 vi c LIST OF FIGURES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE Figure 1 Seaports in Malaysia………………………………………. 3 Figure 2 Research Methodology Flowchart…………………. 32 Figure 3 Data Collection…………….
………………………………33 vii c LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE Table 1 Summary of Environmental Issues in Seaport…………… 17 Table 2 Summary of Strategies to Reduce Environments Issues is Seaport……………………………………. 24 Table 3 Expected Respondents. 35 Table 4 Age of Respondents.
38 Table 5 Working Experience of Respondents. 39 Table 6 Academic Qualification of Respondents. 39 Table 7 Organization of Respondents. 40 Table 8 Environmental issues in Kemaman Port.
41 Table 9 Environmental issues in Kertih Port. 42 Table 10 Environmental issues in Kuantan Port. 43 Table 11 Environmental issues in Seaport. 47 Table 12 Strategy can be implemented in Kemaman Port to reduce environmental issues.
48 Table 13 Strategy can be implemented in Kertih Port to reduce Environmental issues. 49 Table 14 Strategy can be implemented in Kuantan Port to reduce Environmental issues. 50 Table15 Strategy can be implemented in East Coast Seaport of Peninsular Malaysia to reduce environmental issues ………53 viii c LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CO - Carbon Monoxide CO2 - Carbon Dioxide CFC - Chlorofluorocarbons EMAS - Eco- management Scheme and Adult Scheme EMS - Environmental Management System ESPO - European Sea Ports Organisation GHG - Greenhouse gas H0 - Null hypothesis IMO - International Maritime Organization MARPOL - (Marine Pollution) International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships MARPOL 73/78- International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978 MS Excel - Microsoft Excel NOx - Nitrogen Oxides OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PERS - Port Environmental Review System PM - Particulate Matter SECA - Sulphur Emission Control Area SDM - Self- diagnosis Method Sox - Sulphur Oxides SOSEA - Strategic Overview of Environmental Aspects SPSS - Statistical Package for the Social Science UCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development VOC - Volatile organic compounds ix c PART I.1 INTRODUCTION The pollution of air, land and water in many ways are what so called environmental pollution. There are several reasons for environmental pollution, such as from agriculture, industry, and urban sources (Committee on Energy Futures and Air Pollution, 2007).
Environmental pollution has drastically changed the air, water and terrestrial ecosystems. Seaport contribute significantly to the cause of pollution in the areas they are situated (Fartoosi, 2013). The increasing transnational shipping has been due to large increase in international trade (OECD, 2014). In orderly to handle this expansion in maritime transport, seaports have to enlarge their areas and improve berthing.
However, this rise in maritime activity is also responsible for increased levels of air, water and noise pollution (Heijst, 2012). The marine environment is being ceaselessly stacked with synthetic toxins from anthropogenic sources (European Commission of Environment, 2016). In late decades, anthropogenic sources, for example, land-based industrial activities, transportation, urban and modern activities, have brought disturbing groupings of heavy metals and natural material in sea-going ranges. These synthetic contaminations can bring about destructive impacts on both marine living beings and human population (Tavakoly Sany et al.
Indeed, shipping operations interact with the environment in many ways, either accidentally or intentionally. Such interactions are not only generating substantial damages to natural habitats, but also affecting economic activities, especially along coastlines with a concentration of maritime-related economic activities such as seaports (Ng and Song, 2010).2 RESEARCH BACKGROUND The growth development in global trade has had huge effect in seaports and shipping in Malaysia, seaports went through intensive growth and tremendous development during the period of rapid economic development in the country. The investment and improvement of various infrastructures support the increasing trade with the world‟s nations, one in particular is Malaysia. The dramatic transformation and rapid industrialization of Malaysia‟s economy over the last few decades has made it into one of the world‟s major trading nations (Khalid, 2011).
One of the major port in Malaysia is Kuantan Port for various cargo services that include dry bulk, break bulk, liquid bulk, fire and securities, marine, container and port related logistics services in Malaysia. Its facilities container storage, conventional storage, storage for dangerous cargo, and tank storage; and equipment multi-purpose berths, liquid chemical berths, palm oil berths, mineral oil berths, and biodiesel and container terminals; and various cranes. It also serves petrochemical and chemical manufacturing industries. The seaport was established in 1996 and is situated in Kuantan, Malaysia (Jeevan et al.
Kemaman Port is another seaport on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, serving the steel plants, refineries, gas processing plants, crude oil terminals, and petrochemical complexes. The facilities at this port, one of the most profound seaports in Malaysia and fast emerging as the new gateway to the Asia-Pacific region, include three multipurpose berths, one liquid chemical berth and one LPG export terminal. It also features a supply base catering to the needs of petroleum companies operating off the shores of Terengganu. With its privatization, Kemaman seaport is ready to expand 2 c rapidly in pair with the growth of the state of Terengganu‟s petrochemical and manufacturing industries (Kemaman Port, 2017).
Kertih Port is Asia‟s largest bio-refinery complex. Supporting polymer and related manufacturing activities service which provides designed to capture the high value- added downstream and manufacturing-related segment of the oil, gas and petrochemical cluster. If Kuantan Port is for dry and bulk cargoes, Kertih Port is for liquid cargoes. (Kertih Port, 2017; East Coast Economic Region, 2017) Figure 1: Seaports in Malaysia Source: http://www.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT Seaports are primary financial centre points that create boundless measure of production, occupations and incomes for a country (Heijst, 2012).
Aside of these advantages, seaports and its users also cause many negative effects on the environment. Global environmental issues today, cause expansive scope of threats including pollution in air, water bodies and land; and decreasing of biodiversity 3 c (Akamangwa, 2013). Some commercial shipping and transport activities are responsible for a number of negative external effects, which often cause environmental threats that are comparable to those of land-based industries. These include infrastructure stress such as failure and leakage, congestion, accidents, pollution (e.
air, noise, debris generation) and resulted in increasing pressure on the transport sector by governments, customers, environmentalists and other stakeholders (IMO, 2011; Acciaro et al. Based on these issues, this research has been conducted to determine the environmental issues by shipping activities at seaports and to propose the appropriate approaches to reduce environmental issues in East Cost Seaport of Peninsula Malaysia.