Factorization Method in Quantum Mechanics www.com Fundamental Theories of Physics An International Book Series on The Fundamental Theories of Physics: Their Clarification, Development and Application Editor: ALWYN VAN DER MERWE, University of Denver, U. Editorial Advisory Board: GIANCARLO GHIRARDI, University of Trieste, Italy LAWRENCE P. HORWITZ, Tel-Aviv University, Israel BRIAN D. JOSEPHSON, University of Cambridge, U.
CLIVE KILMISTER, University of London, U. LAHTI, University of Turku, Finland FRANCO SELLERI, Università di Bari, Italy TONY SUDBERY, University of York, U. HANS-JÜRGEN TREDER, Zentralinstitut für Astrophysik der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Germany Volume 150 www.com Factorization Method in Quantum Mechanics by Shi-Hai Dong Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Física y Matemáticas, México www. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5795-3 (HB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5796-0 (e-book) Published by Springer, P. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.com Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2007 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.com This book is dedicated to my wife Guo-Hua Sun, my lovely children Bo Dong and Jazmin Yue Dong Sun.com Contents Dedication v List of Figures xiii List of Tables xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix Part I Introduction 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1 Basic review 3 2 Motivations and aims 11 Part II Method 2. THEORY 15 1 Introduction 15 2 Formalism 15 3.
LIE ALGEBRAS SU(2) AND SU(1, 1) 17 1 Introduction 17 2 Abstract groups 19 3 Matrix representation 21 4 Properties of groups SU(2) and SO(3) 22 5 Properties of non-compact groups SO(2, 1) and SU(1, 1) 23 6 Generators of Lie groups SU(2) and SU(1, 1) 23 7 Irreducible representations 25 vii www.com viii FACTORIZATION METHOD IN QUANTUM MECHANICS 8 Irreducible unitary representations 28 9 Concluding remarks 30 Part III Applications in Non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics 4. HARMONIC OSCILLATOR 35 1 Introduction 35 2 Exact solutions 36 3 Ladder operators 37 4 Bargmann-Segal transform 42 5 Single mode realization of dynamic group SU(1, 1) 42 6 Matrix elements 44 7 Coherent states 45 8 Franck-Condon factors 49 9 Concluding remarks 55 5. INFINITELY DEEP SQUARE-WELL POTENTIAL 57 1 Introduction 57 2 Ladder operators for infinitely deep square-well potential 58 3 Realization of dynamic group SU(1, 1) and matrix elements 60 4 Ladder operators for infinitely deep symmetric well potential 61 5 SUSYQM approach to infinitely deep square well potential 62 6 Perelomov coherent states 63 7 Barut-Girardello coherent states 67 8 Concluding remarks 70 6. MORSE POTENTIAL 73 1 Introduction 73 2 Exact solutions 78 3 Ladder operators for the Morse potential 79 4 Realization of dynamic group SU(2) 82 5 Matrix elements 84 6 Harmonic limit 84 7 Franck-Condon factors 86 8 Transition probability 89 9 Realization of dynamic group SU(1, 1) 90 www.com Contents ix 10 Concluding remarks 93 7.
PÖSCHL-TELLER POTENTIAL 95 1 Introduction 95 2 Exact solutions 97 3 Ladder operators 101 4 Realization of dynamic group SU(2) 103 5 Alternative approach to derive ladder operators 105 6 Harmonic limit 107 7 Expansions of the coordinate x and momentum p from the SU(2) generators 109 8 Concluding remarks 110 8. PSEUDOHARMONIC OSCILLATOR 111 1 Introduction 111 2 Exact solutions in one dimension 112 3 Ladder operators 114 4 Barut-Girardello coherent states 117 5 Thermodynamic properties 118 6 Pseudoharmonic oscillator in arbitrary dimensions 122 7 Recurrence relations among matrix elements 129 8 Concluding remarks 135 9. ALGEBRAIC APPROACH TO AN ELECTRON IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD 137 1 Introduction 137 2 Exact solutions 137 3 Ladder operators 139 4 Concluding remarks 142 10. RING-SHAPED NON-SPHERICAL OSCILLATOR 143 1 Introduction 143 2 Exact solutions 143 3 Ladder operators 146 4 Realization of dynamic group 147 5 Concluding remarks 149 www.com x FACTORIZATION METHOD IN QUANTUM MECHANICS 11.
GENERALIZED LAGUERRE FUNCTIONS 151 1 Introduction 151 2 Generalized Laguerre functions 151 3 Ladder operators and realization of dynamic group SU(1, 1) 153 4 Concluding remarks 155 12. NEW NONCENTRAL RING-SHAPED POTENTIAL 157 1 Introduction 157 2 Bound states 158 3 Ladder operators 161 4 Mean values 162 5 Continuum states 165 6 Concluding remarks 168 13. PÖSCHL-TELLER LIKE POTENTIAL 169 1 Introduction 169 2 Exact solutions 169 3 Ladder operators 171 4 Realization of dynamic group and matrix elements 173 5 Infinitely square well and harmonic limits 174 6 Concluding remarks 176 14. POSITION-DEPENDENT MASS SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION FOR A SINGULAR OSCILLATOR 177 1 Introduction 177 2 Position-dependent effective mass Schrödinger equation for harmonic oscillator 178 3 Singular oscillator with a position-dependent effective mass 179 4 Complete solutions 181 5 Another position-dependent effective mass 183 6 Concluding remarks 184 www.com Contents xi Part IV Applications in Relativistic Quantum Mechanics 15.
SUSYQM AND SWKB APPROACH TO THE DIRAC EQUATION WITH A COULOMB POTENTIAL IN 2+1 DIMENSIONS 187 1 Introduction 187 2 Dirac equation in 2 +1 dimensions 188 3 Exact solutions 189 4 SUSYQM and SWKB approaches to Coulomb problem 193 5 Alternative method to derive exact eigenfunctions 195 6 Concluding remarks 198 16. REALIZATION OF DYNAMIC GROUP FOR THE DIRAC HYDROGEN-LIKE ATOM IN 2+1 DIMENSIONS 201 1 Introduction 201 2 Realization of dynamic group SU(1, 1) 201 3 Concluding remarks 206 17. ALGEBRAIC APPROACH TO KLEIN-GORDON EQUATION WITH THE HYDROGEN-LIKE ATOM IN 2+1 DIMENSIONS 207 1 Introduction 207 2 Exact solutions 207 3 Realization of dynamic group SU(1, 1) 209 4 Concluding remarks 211 18. SUSYQM AND SWKB APPROACHES TO RELATIVISTIC DIRAC AND KLEIN-GORDON EQUATIONS WITH HYPERBOLIC POTENTIAL 213 1 Introduction 213 2 Relativistic Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations with hyperbolic potential V0 tanh2 (r/d) 214 3 SUSYQM and SWKB approaches to obtain eigenvalues 216 4 Complete solutions by traditional method 217 5 Harmonic limit 221 6 Concluding remarks 222 www.com xii FACTORIZATION METHOD IN QUANTUM MECHANICS Part V Quantum Control 19.
CONTROLLABILITY OF QUANTUM SYSTEMS FOR THE MORSE AND PT POTENTIALS WITH DYNAMIC GROUP SU(2) 225 1 Introduction 225 2 Preliminaries on control theory 226 3 Analysis of the controllability 227 4 Concluding remarks 228 20. CONTROLLABILITY OF QUANTUM SYSTEM FOR THE PT-LIKE POTENTIAL WITH DYNAMIC GROUP SU(1, 1) 229 1 Introduction 229 2 Preliminaries on the control theory 230 3 Analysis of controllability 233 4 Concluding remarks 234 Part VI Conclusions and Outlooks 21. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOKS 237 1 Conclusions 237 2 Outlooks 238 Appendices 239 A Integral formulas of the confluent hypergeometric functions 239 B Mean values rk for hydrogen-like atom 243 C Commutator identities 247 D Angular momentum operators in spherical coordinates 249 E Confluent hypergeometric function 251 References 255 Index 295 www.com List of Figures 1.1 The relations among factorization method, exact solu- tions, group theory, coherent states, SUSYQM, shape invariance, supersymmetric WKB and quantum control.1 The change regions of parameters j and m for the irre- ducible unitary representations of the Lie algebras so(3) and so(2, 1).1 The mean value of the energy levels Eβ as a function of the parameter |β|. The natural units h̄ = ω = 1 are taken.2 The uncertainty ∆p as a function of the parameter |β|.
The natural unit h̄ = 1 is taken.3 The uncertainty ∆x as a function of the parameter |β|.4 The uncertainty relation ∆x∆p as a function of the parameter |β|. The natural unit h̄ = 1 is taken.5 Comparison of the uncertainty relation ∆x∆p be- tween Perelomov coherent states and Barut-Girardello coherent states.The natural unit h̄ = 1 is taken.6 Uncertainty relation ∆x∆p in the Barut-Giradello coherent states.1 Vibrational partition function Z as function of α for different β (0.2 The comparison of the vibrational partition functions between ZPH (solid squared line) and ZHO ( dashed dot- ted line) for the weak potential strength α = 10.3 Vibrational mean energy U as function of α for different β (0.com xiv FACTORIZATION METHOD IN QUANTUM MECHANICS 8.4 The comparison of the vibrational mean energy between UPH (solid squared line) and UHO (dashed dotted line) for the weak potential strength α = 10.5 Vibrational free energy F as function of α for different β (0.6 The comparison of the vibrational free energy between FPH (solid squared line) and FHO (dashed dotted line) for the weak potential strength α = 10.com List of Tables 3.1 Classifications of irreducible representations of Lie al- gebras so(2, 1) and so(3), where k is a non-negative integer.2 Classifications of irreducible unitary representations of the Lie algebras so(2, 1), where k is a non-negative integer.1 Some exact expressions of the integral (A.com Preface This work introduces the factorization method in quantum mechanics at an advanced level addressing students of physics, mathematics, chemistry and elec- trical engineering. The aim is to put the mathematical and physical concepts and techniques like the factorization method, Lie algebras, matrix elements and quantum control at the reader’s disposal. For this purpose, we attempt to provide a comprehensive description of the factorization method and its wide applica- tions in quantum mechanics which complements the traditional coverage found in the existing quantum mechanics textbooks.
Related to this classic method are the supersymmetric quantum mechanics, shape invariant potentials and group theoretical approaches. It is no exaggeration to say that this method has become the milestone of these approaches. In fact, the author’s driving force has been his desire to provide a comprehensive review volume that includes some new and significant results about the factorization method in quantum mechanics since the literature is inundated with scattered articles in this field and to pave the reader’s way into this territory as rapidly as possible. We have made the effort to present the clear and understandable derivations and include the nec- essary mathematical steps so that the intelligent and diligent reader should be able to follow the text with relative ease, in particular, when mathematically difficult material is presented.
The author also embraces enthusiastically the potential of the LaTeX typesetting language to enrich the presentation of the formulas as to make the logical pattern behind the mathematics more transpar- ent. Additionally, any suggestions and criticism to improve the text are most welcome since this is the first version. It should be addressed that the main effort to follow the text and master the material is left to the reader even though this book makes an effort to serve the reader as much as was possible for the author. This book starts out in Chapter 1 with a comprehensive review for the tradi- tional factorization method and builds on this to introduce in Chapter 2 a new approach to this method and to review in Chapter 3 the basic properties of the Lie xvii www.com xviii FACTORIZATION METHOD IN QUANTUM MECHANICS algebras su(2) and su(1, 1) to be used in the successive Chapters.
As important applications in non-relativistic quantum mechanics, from Chapter 4 to Chap- ter 13, we shall apply our new approach to the factorization method to study some important quantum systems such as the harmonic oscillator, infinitely deep square well, Morse, Pöschl-Teller, pseudoharmonic oscillator, noncentral ring-shaped potential quantum systems and others. One of the advantages of this new approach is to easily obtain the matrix elements for some related phys- ical functions except for constructing a suitable Lie algebra from the ladder operators. In Chapter 14 we are going to study the position-dependent mass Schrödinger equation for a singular oscillator based on the algebraic approach. We shall carry out the applications of the factorization method in relativistic Dirac and Klein-Gordon equations with the Coulomb and hyperbolic potentials from Chapter 15 to Chapter 18.