VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ MINH A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS ON METAPHOR ABOUT POWER IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IDIOMS FROM COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS PERSPECTIVE (PHÂN TÍCH ĐỐI CHIẾU ẨN DỤ VỀ QUYỀN LỰC TRONG THÀNH NGỮ ANH VIỆT NHÌN TỪ GÓC ĐỘ NGÔN NGỮ HỌC TRI NHẬN) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field : English linguistics Code : 60220201 HANOI, 2016 z VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ MINH A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS ON METAPHOR ABOUT POWER IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IDIOMS FROM COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS PERSPECTIVE (PHÂN TÍCH ĐỐI CHIẾU ẨN DỤ VỀ QUYỀN LỰC TRONG THÀNH NGỮ ANH VIỆT NHÌN TỪ GÓC ĐỘ NGÔN NGỮ HỌC TRI NHẬN) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field : English linguistics Code : 60220201 Supervisor : Assoc. Lâm Quang Đông HANOI, 2016 z DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and effort.
It has not been submitted anywhere for any award. All the sources of information that have been used have been properly acknowledged. Hanoi, 2016 NGUYỄN THỊ MINH i z ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has been completed with the invaluable and constant support and encouragement of my supervisor, family members and others. Although no listing of acknowledgements can ever be completed, I would still like to take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to those people here.
First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc. Lâm Quang Đông of ULIS, VNU for his helpful guidance, endless patience and whoehearted support. Without his enthusiastic and meaningful suggestions, comments and corrections, this study would not have been accomplished. My appreciation also goes to all the lecturers in the Faculty of Postgraduate Studies in University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi for their useful lessons from which I have relevant knowledge and proper methods to fulfill this thesis.
Furthermore, I greatly thank the librarians for their enthusiatic support when I looked for materials for writing this paper. Last but not least, I would like to express my sincere thanks to all members in my family and my friends for their invaluable support and encouragement. Hanoi, 2016 NGUYỄN THỊ MINH ii z ABSTRACT This research mainly focused on metaphor about power in English and Vietnamese idioms and aims at investigating the similarities as well as the differences between their usages in the two languages. Based on Lackoff and Johnson‟s framework about conceptual metaphor, nine categories of metaphor were classified including: power is the human body, power is the human activities, power is animals, power is relatives, power is physical forces, power is a thief, power is a game, power is a container and power is up and no power is down.
Besides the similarity in expressing some metaphors like “power is up and no power is down”, for example, the two languages also had some distinctive features when metaphors “power is a container” and “power is a game” were only found in English and “power is a thief” were only found in Vietnamese. The result of study hopefully makes a small contribution to the translation of idioms in general and idioms about power in particular and to teaching and learning English language and culture. Key words: metaphor, idioms, power, language iii z LIST OF TABLES AND ABBREVIATIONS No. Table name Page 1 1.1 One-to-one domain mapping example 12 2 1.2 One-to-many domain mapping example 12 3 1.3 Many-to-one domain mapping example 13 4 2.1 Quantity of samples analyzed 17 Quantity and percentage of conceptual 5 3.1 metaphors about power in English and 20 Vietnamese idioms Quantity and percentage of structural 6 3.2 metaphors about power in English and 21 Vietnamese idioms Quantity and percentage of ontological 7 3.3 metaphors about power in English and 22 Vietnamese idioms Quantity and percentage of orientational 8 3.4 metaphors about power in English and 26 Vietnamese idioms LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1.
St: something iv z TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE. III LIST OF TABLES .IV TABLE OF CONTENTS. RATIONALE OF THE STUDY. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY. METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY. ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS.
5 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND. An overview of Cognitive Linguistics. Classification of conceptual metaphor. Conceptual metaphoric domains and mapping.
16 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY. 21 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. Power is the human body.
Power is the human activities. Power is animals. Power is relatives. Power is a thief.
Power is a game. Power is physical forces. Power is a container. Power is up, no power is down.
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES. IMPLICATION FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING. IMPLICATION FOR TRANSLATION. LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY.
I vi z PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the study In recent years, cognitive linguistics has flourished in Vietnam with increasing studies. One of the most important concepts of cognitive linguistics which emphasizes meaning construction (conceptualization) is metaphor. Metaphor is known as one of the most useful methods in meaning transfer that is used widely not only in daily life but also in literature.
It helps people understand an abstract concept by referring to a concrete one. For example, we often metaphorically conceptualize such abstract concepts as love, argument in “Love is journey” or “Argument is war”, which are clearly analyzed by famous cognitive linguists like Lackoff and Johnson (1980). It appears so often and is utilized so widely that sometimes we use it subconsciously without realizing it. Nobody can deny idioms‟ importance in communication, learning, teaching and translation as well but it is a difficult area of English.
According to Cooper (1999), idioms present a special language problem to all language learners because their figurative meanings are unpredictable. Also, their meanings are not the total sum of their parts and metaphor is considered one of the key factors to understand the meaning of idioms. When talking about idioms, we not only talk about the vocabulary and semantics of a language but also the cultures hidden behind. Therefore, this study also makes some initial investigation to see how cultures affect idioms in Vietnamese and English in the way they convey the concept of power.
Objectives of the study and research questions This study aims to investigate idioms that carry conceptual metaphor about power based on the theory of Lakoff and Johnson. To go further, this study is done to explore the similarities and the differences between the use of metaphor about power in English and Vietnamese idioms that reflect the culture of each language community. Finally, this paper aims to provide some suggestions for 1 z teaching, learning and translating of conceptual metaphor about power which is expressed in English and Vietnamese idioms. In other words, the study seeks answers to two research questions: Research question 1: How is the concept of power metaphorically expressed in English and Vietnamese idioms? Research question 2: What are the similarities and differences in expressions of conceptual metaphors about power in English and Vietnam idioms? 3.
Scope of the study In this study, the analysis is based on the theory and classification of conceptual metaphors given by Lakoff and Johnson. Due to the limited time and ability, this research only investigated and contrasted conceptual metaphors about power in society and politics in English and Vietnamese idioms. Six dictionaries in both languages, three in English and three in Vietnamese were chosen. The selected idioms in English are cited from several dictionaries including: - Oxford Idioms Dictionary for Learners of English by Oxford University Press (2006) - Dictionary of American Idioms by Spears, R.
Methods and procedures of the study This study is based on conceptual metaphors framework introduced by Lackoff and Johnson (1980) in their invaluable book “Metaphor We Live By”. According to this model, conceptual metaphors are classified into three different kinds, namely structural metaphors, ontological metaphors and orientational metaphors. Firstly, contrastive and comparative analyses were carried out in order to identify the similarities and differences in expression of conceptual metaphor about 2 z power in English and Vietnamese idioms. Secondly, qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analyze the data.
Quantitatively, the data were analyzed in terms of the frequencies of structural, ontological and orientational metaphors. Qualitatively, the data were classified or examined based on such criteria as: Power is the human body; Power is a container; Power is up, and no power is down. Significance of the study 5. Theoretical significance This study hopes to provide useful contributions to studies of cognitive linguistics, especially the role of conceptual metaphor in expressing the concept of power in idioms.
Practical significance This research is expected to help learners of English in Vietnam understand the differences between English and Vietnamese cultures through idioms. Moreover, it can contribute to improvement of reading comprehension, translation and the analysis of literary works. Organization of the thesis Part A: Introduction. This part presents the rationale, the aims, and the methodology of the study.
The scope, the significance of the study and the organization of the thesis are also described. This part consists of three chapters: Chapter 1: Literature Review and Theoretical Background. This chapter provides fundamental knowledge of cognitive linguistics in general and conceptual metaphors in particular. Some related concepts are also discussed, such as power and idioms.
This chapter ends with related studies. Chapter 2: Research Methodology and Procedures. This chapter presents the methods and the procedures of the research including how the data were collected, described and analyzed. Chapter 3: Findings and Discussions.
This chapter presents the result of my 3 z analysis of conceptual metaphor about power in English and Vietnamese idioms, their differences and similarities in the two languages. This part summarizes the results of the studies and implications for learning, teaching and translating idioms. Some suggestions for further research and limitations are presented in this part as well. 4 z PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND This chapter will provide a critical analysis of the previous studies about metaphors, idioms as well as power.
Key concepts such as cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphors, power and idioms are reviewed with the aim of establishing a theoretical background for the comparative and contrastive analysis of conceptual metaphor about power in English and Vietnamese idioms. Literature review Beginning from the last half of the twentieth century, Cognitive Linguistics has actually become an interesting research trend in order to investigate the relationship among language, mind and socio-physical experience of human beings. So many viewpoints about conceptual metaphor are presented clearly in the famous book by Lackoff and Johnson in 1980. Thanks to the guide of Lackoff and Johnson‟s theory about conceptual metaphor, even the most abstract and tangible concept is also metaphorically understood by more concrete one through mapping domains.
It actually encourages me to investigate the conceptual metaphor about power, one abstract and tangible concept. In Vietnam, so many linguists have contributed to the development of cognitive linguistics through their famous studies, namely Lý Toàn Thắng (2005), Trần Văn Cơ (2007), Nguyễn Đức Tồn (2007). If Lý Toàn Thắng (2005) systematically presents the background of cognitive linguistics and its significance, Trần Văn Cơ (2007), on the other hand, focuses more on cognition and related field of cognitive linguistics, especially conceptual metaphor and its development in Vietnam and all over the world. He also emphasizes that conceptual metaphors are used to understand one concept in terms of another.
Those famous linguists have made great contribution to the foundation and 5 z development of cognitive field in the world in general and in Vietnam in particular.