MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ VÂN SYMPATHIZING UTTERANCES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE MASTER THESIS IN ENGLISH Binh Dinh, 2020 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ VÂN SYMPATHIZING UTTERANCES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE Field: The English Language Code: 8 22 02 01 MASTER THESIS IN ENGLISH Supervisor: Dr. Trƣơng Văn Định Binh Dinh, 2020 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN NGUYỄN THỊ VÂN PHÁT NGÔN THÔNG CẢM ANH-VIỆT Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 82 202 01 LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ TIẾNG ANH Ngƣời hƣớng dẫn: TS. Trƣơng Văn Định Bình Định - Năm 2020 i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that the master thesis entitled: "Sympathizing Utterances in English and Vietnamese " is the result of my own research. The thesis contains no document previously published or written by others except where the reference is made in the thesis.
The thesis has not been submitted for any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. Binh Dinh, June 2020 Author’s signature Nguyễn Thị Vân ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not have been completed if I did not have a support of many different individuals. First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Trương Văn Định for his enthusiasm, patience, motivation and friendliness.
In the process of conducting this thesis, he helps me to shape the study and always give me valuable advice. I am also grateful to all lecturers in English master course, who gave me a lot of useful knowledge and comments as well as valuable documents, which helped me so much in completing this research. Last but not least, I would like to send my thanks towards my family and my friends who always encouraged, supported and helped me to complete this thesis. iii ABSTRACT This research aims to investigate the sympathy strategies and modality markers displaying politeness in English and Vietnamese and to find out the similarities and differences between the two languages.
The data were collected from English and Vietnamese movies as well as English and Vietnamese publications. This study is carried out on the framework of Brown & Levinson‟s politeness theory (1987). Modality markers and linguistic forms displaying politeness in sympathizing utterances are presented in the study. The collected data were classified into sympathy strategies and types of modality markers with a view to pointing out the English-Vietnamese similarities and differences in offering sympathy in the light of politeness.
As regards types of sympathy strategies in sympathizing utterances in English and Vietnamese, the English and Vietnamese often use sympathy strategies such as “sympathizing”, “consoling”, “encouraging”, “sympathizing & advising” and “sympathizing & encouraging”. When offer sympathy to a griever, the English and Vietnamese often “encouraging” the griever in the hope that the griever will soon escape the depressing situation. However, there are some differences in the use of sympathy strategies of the English and Vietnamese. First, the English prefer “sympathizing” while the Vietnamese resort to “consoling”.
Second, the English favor “sharing feelings” while the Vietnamese are biased on “advising”. Meanwhile, in American culture, a culture that values personal freedom, it is taboo or impolite to talk about privacy. Third, the English do not use the strategies of “advising”, “offering feelings & encouraging”, “sharing feelings & advising”, “consoling & reassuring”, “consoling & committing” and “consoling & iv encouraging” while the Vietnamese never mention the strategies “assisting”, “praising & consoling & sharing feelings & encouraging”, “sharing feelings & assisting”, “sympathizing & sharing feelings” and “sympathizing & sharing feelings & assisting”. As for the types of modality markers in sympathizing utterances in English and Vietnamese, the study shows that the English and Vietnamese have some similarities in the use of MMs in sympathizing utterances.
First, both the English and Vietnamese use “sympathy markers”, intensifier” and “solidarity marker” with the first having by far the highest proportion. However, there are some differences in the use of MMs in sympathizing utterances performed by the English and Vietnamese. First, the English use more MMs than the Vietnamese. Second, the English use “politeness marker”, “playdown”, “downtoner” and “rezo-MM” with a proportion twice as high as the Vietnamese while the Vietnamese resort to “‟plus‟ committer” and “hedge” with a proportion twice as high as the English.
Third, the Vietnamese use “„minus‟ committer with a frequency by far higher than the English. v TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS. v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
x LIST OF TABLES. xi LIST OF FIGUIRES. xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION. Aim and objectives.
Aim of the study. Objectives of the study. Significance of the Study. Scope of the Study.
Organization of the study. 5 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW. Speech Act Theory. Definition of speech acts.
Classification of Speech Acts. Speech Act of Sympathizing. Definition of Politeness. Rules, principles and theories of politeness.
Lakoff‟s rules of politeness. Leech‟s principles of politeness. Brown & Levinson‟s Politeness Theory. Definition of Modality.
Classification of Modality. Modal Linguistic Devices in English. Modal Linguistic Devices in Vietnamese. 29 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE.
Validity and reliability. 31 CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. Sympathy Strategies in English and Vietnamese. Sympathy Strategies in English.
Praising & consoling & sharing feelings & encouraging. Sharing feelings & assisting. Sharing feelings & consoling. Sympathizing & sharing feelings.
Sympathizing & sharing feelings & assisting. Sympathy Strategies in Vietnamese. Offering feelings & encouraging. Sharing feelings & advising.
Sharing feelings & consoling. Similarities and Differences in Sympathy Strategies in English and Vietnamese. Similarities of Sympathy Strategies in English and Vietnamese. Differences of Sympathy Strategies in English and Vietnamese.
Modality Markers in Sympathizing Utterances in English And Vietnamese. Modality Markers in Sympathizing Utterances in English. Modality Markers in Sympathizing Utterances in Vietnamese. Zero-Modality Marker.
Differences and Similarities in the Use of Modality Markers in Sympathizing Utterances in English and Vietnamese. Similarities in the Use of Modality Markers in Sympathizing Utterances in English and Vietnamese. Diffrences in the Use of Modality Markers in Sympathizing Utterances in English and Vietnamese. Summary of Types of Sympathy Strategies in Sympathizing Utterances in English and Vietnamese.
Summary of the Types of Modality Markers in Sympathizing Utterances in English and Vietnamese. Limitations of the Study. Suggestions for Further Research. 82 x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FTA Face-threatening Act H Hearer MM Modality marker S Speaker xi LIST OF TABLES Table Page Title number number 2.1 Functions of speech acts 8 2.2 Types of communicative illocutionary acts 9 2.3 Types of Modality by Von Wright 21 4.1 The distribution of sympathy strategies in English 34 4.2 The distribution of sympathy strategies in Vietnamese 42 The distribution of sympathy strategies in English and 4.3 49 Vietnamese The distribution of types of modality markers in 4.4 52 sympathizing utterances in English The distribution of types of modality markers in 4.5 63 sympathizing utterances in Vietnamese The overall distribution of types of modality markers in 4.6 72 sympathizing utterances in English and Vietnamese xii LIST OF FIGUIRES Figure Page Title Number number Brown and Levinson‟s framework of politeness 2.1 15 strategies (Brown & Levinson (1987: 69), 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.
Rationale Communication is an art and in order to succeed in life, we need good communication skills. It is a prerequisite for establishing a standard in the culture of daily life and communication. Whether in Western countries or in Vietnam, the art of communication is always a decisive factor for success or failure in all relationships. In society, we have friends, neighbors and colleagues, and other relationships.
Sharing joys or having fun with others always makes both parties happy. However, there are times when we encounter very sensitive situations such as having to express our feelings and feelings towards a relative, a friend or an acquaintance who has just experienced something unfortunate or bad such as a loss, a disappointment, an illness, an accident, or the death of his or her family member, it is often difficult for us to know what to say or how much to say at such a difficult time. Generally much of what we say depends on how well we know the person who has had the unfortunate experience. But in every case we support the person by showing this person that we understand what he or she is going through or how he or she must feel.
We empathize with their sadness or disappointment, offering him or her words of consolation, comfort and encouragement. In communication, when we know that our relatives, our friends or our acquaintances have just experienced bad luck, we are obliged to say something. We all know that much of what we say depends on how well we know the suffer or on the seriousness the situation. Situations may vary from bad luck to problems (financial, social, business, etc.) to failures, to illnesses 2 or to death.
But in every case, we support the sufferer by offering words of consolation, comfort and encouragement and try to show that we understand what the person is feeling. Sympathizing is an art that requires wisdom and tact. At present, cultural activities between Vietnamese and foreign partners, with English as a communication tool, are taking place very actively. It is certain that these activities cannot avoid what linguists call "culture shock", "cultural conflict" and "communication breakdown" due to differences in language and culture.
Therefore, there is a great need for the study of the similarities and differences of the speech acts in the aspect of linguistic politeness in English-Vietnamese conversation In Vietnamese culture, a culture of distinctive community characteristic, caring for others, even private matters, is very normal. “Therefore, in communication in general and especially when expressing sympathy, Vietnamese people often tactfully ask for private matters of the interlocutor” (Phạm Minh Thảo (2000:56). In contrast, in American culture, a culture that values personal freedom, it is taboo or impolite to talk about privacy. Althen (2003: 5) writes that: The most important thing to understand about Americans is probably their devotion to individualism.
They are trained from very early in their lives to consider themselves as separate individuals who are responsible for their own situations in life and their own destinies. They are not trained to see themselves as members of a close-knit, interdependent family, religious group, tribe, nation, or any other collectivity. It is because of clear differences in Vietnamese and English cultures regarding the interest in private matters in communication that a study of 3 “Sympathizing Utterances in English and Vietnamese” will contribute significantly to the success of Vietnamese-English cultural communication and in teaching English in the direction of communicative approach. Aim and objectives 1.
Aim of the study The study aims to investigate the similarities and differences in expressing sympathy and using modality markers (MMs) to display politeness in sympathizing utterances in English and Vietnamese. Objectives of the study In order to achieve this aim, the researcher will try to fulfill the following objectives: - to examine the similarities and differences in sympathy strategies in English- Vietnamese sympathizing utterances. - To explore the similarities and differences in the use of MMs to display politeness in English-Vietnamese sympathizing utterances. Research questions In order to achieve the aim and objectives of the study, the following research questions will be addressed: 1.
What sympathy strategies are used in English-Vietnamese sympathizing utterances? 2. What MMs are used in English-Vietnamese sympathizing utterances? 1. Significance of the Study Theoretically, first, this study highlights the role of culture in verbal behaviors and contributes to the study of a speech act in the light of pragmatics and linguistic politeness.