Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding Dedication To my parents Shiloh and Ernestina With love and admiration Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding George Acquaah Copyright © 2007 by George Acquaah BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of George Acquaah to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 1 2007 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Acquaah, George.
Principles of plant genetics and breeding / George Acquaah. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3646-4 (hardback : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-4051-3646-4 (hardback : alk.5′233—dc22 2006004754 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
Set in 10/12pt Galliard by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed and bound in UK by TJ International Ltd The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.com Contents Industry highlights boxes, vii Industry highlights box authors, ix Preface, xi Acknowledgments, xiii Part I Underlying science and methods of plant breeding, 1 Section 1 Historical perspectives and importance of plant breeding, 2 1 History and role of plant breeding in society, 3 Section 2 General biological concepts, 16 2 The art and science of plant breeding, 17 3 Plant cellular organization and genetic structure: an overview, 35 4 Plant reproductive systems, 55 Section 3 Germplasm issues, 74 5 Variation: types, origin, and scale, 75 6 Plant genetic resources for plant breeding, 87 Section 4 Genetic analysis in plant breeding, 108 7 Introduction to concepts of population genetics, 109 8 Introduction to quantitative genetics, 121 9 Common statistical methods in plant breeding, 146 Section 5 Tools in plant breeding, 163 10 Sexual hybridization and wide crosses in plant breeding, 164 11 Tissue culture and the breeding of clonally propagated plants, 181 12 Mutagenesis in plant breeding, 199 13 Polyploidy in plant breeding, 214 14 Biotechnology in plant breeding, 231 15 Issues in the application of biotechnology in plant breeding, 257 Section 6 Classic methods of plant breeding, 281 16 Breeding self-pollinated species, 282 17 Breeding cross-pollinated species, 313 18 Breeding hybrid cultivars, 334 Section 7 Selected breeding objectives, 351 19 Breeding for physiological and morphological traits, 352 20 Breeding for resistance to diseases and insect pests, 367 21 Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses, 385 22 Breeding compositional traits and added value, 404 Section 8 Cultivar release and commercial seed production, 417 23 Performance evaluation for crop cultivar release, 418 24 Seed certification and commercial seed multiplication, 435 vi CONTENTS 25 International plant breeding efforts, 450 26 Emerging concepts in plant breeding, 462 Part II Breeding selected crops, 471 27 Breeding wheat, 472 28 Breeding corn, 485 29 Breeding rice, 498 30 Breeding sorghum, 509 31 Breeding soybean, 519 32 Breeding peanut, 529 33 Breeding potato, 537 34 Breeding cotton, 546 Glossary, 556 Appendix 1: Internet resources, 561 Appendix 2: Conversion rates, 563 Index, 564 Industry highlights boxes Chapter 1 Chapter 12 Normal Ernest Borlaug: the man and his passion Current apple breeding programs to release apple scab- George Acquaah resistant scion cultivars F. Laurens Chapter 2 Introduction and adaptation of new crops Chapter 13 Jaime Prohens, Adrián Rodríguez-Burruezo, and Fer- Application of tissue culture for tall wheatgrass improve- nando Nuez ment Kanyand Matand and George Acquaah Chapter 3 No box Chapter 14 Bioinformatics for sequence and genomic data Chapter 4 Hugh B.
Deerfield II, and Maize × Tripsacum hybridization and the transfer of Alexander J. Ropelewski apomixis: historical review Bryan Kindiger Chapter 15 The intersection of science and policy in risk analysis of Chapter 5 genetically engineered plants No box David A. Lee and Laura E. Bartley Chapter 6 Chapter 16 Plant genetic resources for breeding Barley breeding in the United Kingdom K.
Thomas Chapter 7 Chapter 17 No box Developing a new cool-season perennial grass forage: interspecific hybrids of Poa arachnifera × Poa secunda Chapter 8 Bryan Kindiger Recurrent selection with soybean Joe W. Burton Chapter 18 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.: bringing seed value Chapter 9 to the grower Multivariate analyses procedures: applications in plant Jerry Harrington breeding, genetics, and agronomy A. Jaradat Chapter 19 Bringing Roundup Ready® technology to wheat Chapter 10 Sally Metz The use of the wild potato species, Solanum etuberosum, in developing virus- and insect-resistant potato varieties Chapter 20 Richard Novy Genetic improvement of cassava through biotechnology Nigel J. Taylor Chapter 11 Haploids and doubled haploids: their generation and Chapter 21 application in plant breeding Discovering genes for drought adaptation in sorghum Sergey Chalyk Andrew Borrell, David Jordan, John Mullet, Patricia viii INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHTS BOXES Klein, Robert Klein, Henry Nguyen, Darrell Rosenow, A.
Kidwell, Graeme Hammer, and Bob Henzell S. Talbert Chapter 22 QPM: enhancing protein nutrition in sub-Saharan Chapter 28 Africa Hybrid breeding in maize Twumasi Afriyie F. Betrán Chapter 23 Chapter 29 MSTAT: a software program for plant breeders Breeding rice Russell Freed Anna Myers McClung Chapter 24 Chapter 30 Public release and registration of “Prolina” soybean Sorghum breeding Joe W. Burton William Rooney and Plant variety protection in Canada Chapter 31 B.
Donnelly Estimating inheritance factors and developing cultivars for tolerance to charcoal rot in soybean Chapter 25 James R. Smith Plant breeding research at ICRISAT P. Upadhyaya Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding and root-knot nematode resistance Chapter 26 Charles Simpson An example of participatory plant breeding: barley at ICARDA Chapter 33 S. Grando The breeding of potato John E.
Bradshaw Chapter 27 Bringing genomics to the wheat fields Chapter 34 K. Anderson, Cotton breeding P. Keim Industry highlights box authors Acquaah, G., Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gill, K., Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA Afriyie, T., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Gowda, C., International Crops Research Institute for Center (CIMMYT), PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Anderson, J., Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, AP, India University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, Grando, S., International Center for Agricultural Research in USA the Dry Areas (ICARDA), PO Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria Baenziger, P., Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Haley, S., Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA Bartley, L., USDA-APHIS Biotechnology Regulatory Hammer, G., School of Land and Food, University of Services, Riverdale, MD 20737, USA Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia Betrán, F., Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Hammer, K., Institute of Crop Science, Agrobiodiversity 77843, USA Department, University Kassel, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Borrell, A., Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Germany Hermitage Research Station, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Harrington, J., Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Des Moines, Australia IA 50307, USA Bradshaw, J., Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Henzell, R., Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK Hermitage Research Station, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Brown-Guedira, G., USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit, Australia North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA Heuser, F., Institute of Crop Science, Agrobiodiversity Depart- Burton, J., USDA Plant Science Building, 3127 Ligon ment, University Kassel, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany Street, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA Jaradat, A., USDA-ARS, Morris, 56267 MN, USA Ceccarelli, S., International Center for Agricultural Research Jordan, D., Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), PO Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria Hermitage Research Station, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Chalyk, S., 12 Goldfinch Court, Apt. 1007, Toronto M2R Australia 2C4, Canada Keim, D., Delta and Pine Land Company, One Cotton Chen, X., USDA-ARS Wheat Genetics, Quality, Physiology, Row, PO Box 157, Scott, MS 38772, USA and Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, Khoshbakht, K., Institute of Crop Science, Agrobiodiversity Pullman WA 99164, USA Department, University Kassel, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Deerfield, D.
II, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Germany Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Kianian, S., Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota Donnelly, D., Plant Science Department, McGill University, State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada Kidwell, K., Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Dubcovsky, J., Department of Agronomy and Range Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Kindiger, B., USDA-ARS Grazinglands Research Laboratory, Elias, E., Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State El Reno, OK 73036, USA University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA Klein, P., Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Freed, R., Department of Crop and Soil Science, Michigan Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Klein, R., USDA-ARS Southern Agricultural Research Fritz, A., Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Station, College Station, TX 77843, USA Manhattan, KS 66506, USA Lapitan, N., Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado Garland-Campbell, K., USDA-ARS Wheat Genetics, Quality, State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA Physiology, and Disease Research Unit, Washington State Laurens, F., UMR Génétique et Horticulture (GenHort) University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA (INRA/INH/UA), INRA Centre d’Angers, 49070 Gaur, P., International Crops Research Institute for the Beaucouzé, France Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, AP, India Lee, D., EPA Office of Research and Development, Gill, B., Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Department of 8623N, Washington, DC 20460, USA Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS Matand, K., Department of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, 66506, USA Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA x INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHTS BOX AUTHORS McClung, M., USDA-ARS Dale Bumpers National Rice Rooney, W., Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Research Center and Beaumont Rice Research Unit, 1509 77843, USA Aggie Drive, Beaumont, TX 77713, USA Ropelewski, A., Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Metz, S., Monsanto Corporation, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA St Louis, MO 63167, USA Rosenow, D., Texas A&M Agricultural Research and Mullet, J., Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Extension Center, Lubbock, TX 79403, USA Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Santra, D., Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Nguyen, H., Plant Sciences Unit and National Center for Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Saxena, K., International Crops Research Institute for the MO 65211, USA (previously Texas Tech University, Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, AP, Lubbock, USA) India Nicholas, H., Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Simpson, C., Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA 77843, USA Nigam, S., International Crops Research Institute for the Smith, J., USDA-ARS Crop Genetics and Production Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, AP, Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA India Soria, M., Department of Agronomy and Range Science, Novy, R., USDA-ARS, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Nuez, F., Instituto para la Conservación y Mejora de la Sorrells, M., Department of Plant Breeding, Cornell Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universidad Politécnica de University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain Souza, E., Aberdeen Research and Extension Center, Ohm, H., Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, University of Idaho, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Talbert, L., Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Prohens, J., Instituto para la Conservación y Mejora de la Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universidad Politécnica de 59717, USA Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain Taylor, N., International Laboratory for Tropical Agri- Rai, K., International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- cultural Biotechnology (ILTAB), Donald Danforth Plant Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, AP, India Science Center, St Louis, MO 63132, USA Reddy, B.