MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology PROCESSING AND EVALUATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY QUALITIES OF BITTER MELON (MOMORDICA CHARANTIA L.) LEATHER A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: Nguyen Hoang Nhu Thuy Supervisor: Dr. Duong Thi Ngoc Diep Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology PROCESSING AND EVALUATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY QUALITIES OF BITTER MELON (MOMORDICA CHARANTIA L.) LEATHER A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: Nguyen Hoang Nhu Thuy Supervisor: Dr. Duong Thi Ngoc Diep Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to the Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology at Nong Lam University in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, for giving me the opportunity to learn and providing supportive conditions for me to complete the research. Besides, the Fruit and Vegetable Processing Laboratory of the Department of Postharvest Technology and Food Engineering created favorable conditions for me to carry out the research.
Secondly, I would like to extend my truly gratitude to Dr. Duong Thi Ngoc Diep for all of her help during the learning process and project completion. She provided for me accurate guidance, encouraging words, valuable experiences, and extremely helpful assistance. Furthermore, special thanks to MSc.
Hoang Quang Binh, who has supported me during the duration that I have been completing my thesis and has always provided me with valuable knowledge, insightful advice and encouragement. In addition, I would want to express my profound thanks to my beloved family, including my parents, younger sister, who have been a constant source of support throughout the time I completed my thesis. I am also grateful to the special individual who has stood by my side and provided unwavering motivation for me to overcome difficult times. I would also like to thank my previous classmates and colleagues at the Fruit and Vegetable Processing Laboratory within the Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, who actively contributed, shared useful advice, and created a comfortable spirit for me during the research process.
Lastly, although I have tried to complete it well, it is still inevitable that errors and omissions in the article can be avoided. I look forward to receiving suggestions and corrections from teachers to be able to complete the thesis better. Thank you sincerely. Ho Chi Minh, May 20" 2024 Nguyen Hoang Nhu Thuy ABSTRACT Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) is known to be a rich source of natural antioxidant compounds and has become extremely popular in the daily lives of people, who are increasingly concerned about their health.
However, the bitter taste of bitter melon still worries many consumers. This research aims to create a product with a less bitter taste and rich in biochemical compounds throughout controlling the processing process from raw materials to finished products. This study investigated the effect of the mixing ratio of the B-cyclodextrin (B-CD), drying temperatures, and storage conditions on the physicochemical properties and sensory quality of the bitter melon leather (BML). The results showed that total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidation activity (AA) were not significantly different when using B-CD with ratios 100:0, 100:0.
The best mixing formula for BML was the 100g of initial ingredients: 0.75g of B-CD with overall liking score of 5.97/7 according to hedonic tests with 30 untrained panelists. Also, FTIR and SEM were analyzed between this sample and the sample 100: 0. The results obtained that sample with B-CD had a reduced transmittance percentage of functional compounds and difference in microstructure compared to the other sample. Three drying temperatures of 55 °C, 65 °C, 75 °C by hot air-drying method were utilized to investigate the drying kinetics via moisture content curve, moisture ratio, drying rate and effective moisture diffusivity (De) were measured and analyzed.
The best drying condition was the drying temperature of 55 °C for 3 hours to achieve the moisture content (% MC) of 10-12%, water activity of 0.89 mg GAE /100g dm, TFC of 10.12 mg QE/100g dm, AA of 291.35 mg AAE /100g dm, and Derr of 37. Finally, storage conditions were performed at two temperatures of 10 + 2 °C and room temperature (30 + 2 °C) for 35 days. The findings showed that TPC and TFC had slight modifications, whereas the % MC of the product increased and AA declined during ii storage at both temperatures. Nevertheless, samples stored at 10 °C did not suffer browning compared to BML at room temperature.
Hence, further research into packaging methods and additives is necessary to enhance color preservation in the product. ili TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. OF CON TENTS srociaurermenneennamar ere iv LIST OF TABLES scan enwonnsenneumeuenam ee ene erenarenens vii LIST OF FIGURES sssssnsornvsnseecssacneecmusceonannnemureneameamnamunmenunmenmeninuemummernne Vill LIST 9)0.- S12 1211 12 2 12 11 1 1111111111111 11 1x ke | CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE RE VIE W q0 ásceaol12200104614010106365548E34533 81568350588 3 2.1 The overview of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.1 Origin, distribution and botanical characteristics .2 The utilization of bitter meÏOI.3 Physicochemical properties and beneficial health of bitter melon.1 Physicochemical properties sviiccccsscesecsesensneceesrnetenseeneee ue Gà 111836 6454043850680 6 2.2 Beneficial health of bitter melom.- óc SE 32x19 Sksikesesrrsee 8 22 (QV€TVIEW Of TrUIt EAE? PLOUUCE ssvsssrescsccssseccnnemasseerereamenneasrenimernnanenares 9 2.2 Opportunities and threats of fruit leather in the market.3 Overview of B-cyclodextrin (B-CD) .1 Sources and dose of -cyclodeXfT1.2 PFOPEMlEs OL D=GEVGIODGRTTH sos ccascensnsnavesnensaenesnemsmnnnmancunarcnmummammercensens 11 2.3 Application of -cyclodextTin.4 Functional properties of other additives .2 Sugar (sucrose), honey, and COM SYLUP.3 Citric acid and vitamin C,. --- «+ + tk 131191191191 1 11 ng nh nh nhe 14 2.5 __ Interaction between B-cyclodextrin and other additIves.6 Hot air drying and its effect on the natural component of fruits and vegetables 16 2.1 Prine ple 0)84n16)87)10151ã417752207Ẹ7Ẹ7T7Đ7Ẻẻ778 ha 16 iv 2.2 The influence of hot air drying on the natural composition of fruits and VEO GA CS rc eennnnnndenienosadsadisacgSaSEEGASGQS0GGIHSERS44E540308013I6098558340249E4G905051I40GSG.008080ã10 17 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS.
cecececceeeeeeeceeeneeneeaeeaeeaeeaeeaeenees 19 Sl Placesiand HinefES€áFGH‹sssssurossgriroetooosiliitiidiitEtOAGSG inilfLd03E589083ã0ã eS 19 3.2 Materials and edulIpTfi€liÍuessssasserodenoauoiiigl0I00095115003084G4008918500108510184090180888 19 BED) 11, RIAN MINA LƠ TAAL cs tuaseizinnncar Rita tart or Sas đB5.088iciSBdEirl4Gmst6esuu: 850” 19 92.2 CHEMICALS xcs caossansnneanauvannunessvesenesannensneaxacassnnexenasuennvanrnavnreeansaseannewanaseomanenveans 20 3.3 Bitter melon leather sample prepration .4 Experimental 68100 scccussamesrmcnmuamcmmam can ER 23 3.1 Investigation of physicochemical composition of bitter melon materials.2 Investigation of the mixing ratio of the B-cyclodextrin.3 Investigation of the impact of drying temperatures on the quality of bitter melon! leather sain]6 cnr cncrasmmrmeeremienns ae 23 3.4 Effect of storage regimes on the quality of the bitter melon leather during Odo eee ee ee ee ee 24 3.1 Determination of moisture COTIẦ€TIẨ. esk24 3:5:2 Drying characlerIsHGiqndllWSÏSoisssssasciacsgeigiiegiG600619350060393598g16658E936G895E33G5g83Slg4gE.3 Determination of water activity (Aw).4 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR).5 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurement.6 Determination of total soluble solid (TSS).7 Determination of total acidity (TA). --- - Sc +3 + ky 37 3:5,8 1€6leffiilidtllofi:öEDEtusnesesesnouronoogiosiisitigGDILTGISRISIOHRAHRSEDDISNEHIESSIOtgVASB 28 3.9 Extraction of biological compounds.10 Determination of total phenolic content (TPC) .11 Determination of total flavonoid content (TC).13) SENSOLY ASSESSINENbs 9u sssx550ctsp045116011448W23g 00. L4: StastiCal ial SiS ssusdanhoniabbiiidtittidNEIISGI33059800104044014451300000/08083913G03051000072/88 33 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.1 Physiochemical properties of the bitter melon mater1als.2 Effect of the mixing ratio of the B-cyclodextrin on physicochemical parameters 3543938l23915149101010439GU0D34/03383S3A8004080)6M000f00064314089.1 Effect of the B-cyclodextrin on physicochemical.2 LHe€:sehD§50fy1A5S6SSHICDuissescosnd nga G th nga 3440181 GIÓ wae OE 37 4.3 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR) of bitter melon LG AtH SE SAMPLES we ccinaasiectnsininuiaixanadiedctumestindcamnittcacanssitendooulttkesnstlnnaWiastiawsividdinatte atta nsieneenitie 40 4.4 Scanning electron microscope-SEM of BML samples.3 Effect of drying temperature on the quality of the bitter melon leather .1 Drying kinetics of bitter melon leather.2 Calculation of the effective moisture dđ1ffUSIVIfy.3 Effect of drying temperature on the quality of the bitter melon leather.1 The effect of drying temperatures on biochemical characteristics.3,2 The sensoryassesSMeMl ascsanccamnrmimumenmnnaem manne oul 4.4 Effect of storage temperature on the moisture content and biochemical properties OL the bittemmelOn leather cee cece cesrnrendnmmncrst arene ET 54 4.2 Biochemical properties of BMLs during storage .3 ADPCANINCE scm een 57 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
59 Si, CTC ITS OTS eters crt ir er So el saa TS 59 D2 GGGHTDIEHUSHHBHBE.-bseeinib-e-kiidbiiloihdebiididdloloSl6A/lAsasseihddedoseos3idiedsiaslibi 59 ›951385)›95) 05501177. 61 ÁP PENIDIE Ì seszpsnsritsoronieitbii110000S905606171856EGNIGISSNHE.BSGGĐEGGAMEEAGISRETRSRGHESAGRARĐHENERSqSHSA 72 APPENDIX. 2 ánnneeneassendennoieibieioDG08546/105550555016140/561431453414550910133/4863334844840138048 76 AG SIND) Dc ieee ee ee ee ee eee 84 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Physicochemical properties of immature bitter melon.
Ingredients and mixing ratios of bitter melon fruit leather. Gallic acid concentration range. Quercetin Concentration TẠP vesiecceseneensmnsennanenmmnnumaumnn 31 Table 3. Ascorbic acid concentration range.
The physiochemical properties of bitter melon. The effect of B-cyclodextrin addition on the bitter melon leathers physicochemical CharactertStles sscsxcessssisssgs6ttsa6811130383046155036G343813630136886014088388 36 Table 4. Frequency (“%) score notes for the attributes of sample 100:0. FTIR peak values of bitter melon leather without B-cyclodextrin (100: 0) and bitter melon leather with B-cyclodextrin (100: 0.
Regression results of effective moisture diffusivity at different drying ÍeTTIDETUHGSGoiecstectsntninigiiokitlDSE\cSRSOHNlgSR.3SHHRSGSNSEĐSN 0023 8038gingiiGaytaggki 49 Table 4. Consumer hedonic scores of three samples at different temperatures. 52 Vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. Bitte? BOUT WIMC:.
A cross-sectional photo of commercial bitter melon. Some bitter melon products in Vietnamm.- ¿+5 + + *++vx+vssexseeexes 6 Eigure 2. B-cyclodextrin structure and its complexation mechanism to reduce Uh Wanted HAY O18 an eniweenieerinsntrmenrmrinemernieeeraemrudnen marecenriees 12 Figure 3. ELECTED ICCP ATE ONS sac.
cacnnancnnatnanacianactanncatanationatiastsSenRidtanetnine dentineshinamedunis 19 Eigure 3. The lab-scale processing flow chart of bitter melon leather. Radar chart for scoring of sensory attributes of the bitter melon leather samples with different B-cyclodextrin ratios. The appearance of bitter melon leather at different concentrations of B - cyclodextrin: (A) 100: 0.
FTIR analysis results of (A) 100: 0.75 sample between wavenumber (cm!) of bonds and % transmittance. Structure of (A) momordicoside K and L, (B) B-cyclodextrin, and charantin (C) 5,25- stigmasteryl glucoside & (D) -sitosteryl glucoside. SEM micrographs of surface and cross-section of BML control sample (100:0.00) and BML containing B-CD (100:0. Variation of (A) Moisture content, (B) Moisture ratio and (C) Drying rate of bitter melon leather samples as a function of drying time at temperatures ranging from 55 to 75 ”C.- -++-+++cx++x+vvssereeeeeerses 47 Figure 4.
Results of TPC (A), TFC (B), and antioxidant activity (C) of bitter melon leather samples at different drying temperafure. (A) Radar chart for scoring of sensory attributes, (B) Appearance of the bitter melon leather samples with different temperatures, in which, from the left to the right, code 137, 237, 337 are 75 °C, 55 °C, and 65 °C, TESIPEGHIVE lYfongstnfonidtiirdoOiNGRiodRtastSSsSfiNqitiWyiplfGilÄoyEsslaotiissiogssppayihsotussual 53 Figure 4. Increasing in moisture content of samples during storage at 10 + 2 °C and room temperature:(30 =k 2 °C) scsswsssssvsenressemnenmnnnarnsancnuenvusrues 54 Figure 4. The modifies of (A) TPC, (C) TFC, (E) Antioxidant activity (DPPH), and remaining (%) of (B) TPC, (D) TFC, and (F) DPPH during storage at 10 +2 °C and room temperature (30 + 2 CC).
Bitter melon leathers before and after storage under different storage temperatures: (A) Day 0 at 10+2°C, (B) Day 35 at 10+2°C, (C) Day 0 at room temperature (30 + 2 °C), (D) Day 35 at room temperature. 58 ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Antioxidant activity AAE Ascorbic acid equivalent BML Bitter melon leather BMLs Bitter melon leather samples Db Dry basic Dm Dry matter Fw Fresh weight GAE Gallic acid equivalent QE Quercetin equivalent TA Total acidity TCVN Vietnamese Technical Standards TFC Total flavonoid content TPC Total phenolic content TSS Total soluble solid B-CD Beta-cyclodextrin Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Bitter melon or bitter gourd is an important species of the Cucurbitaceae family. More than 100 studies have revealed that bitter melon is associated with a wide range of beneficial effects on health: anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, and hypocholesterolemic effects (Tan et al.