MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG TRẦN THỊ MINH GIANG A STUDY OF COGNITIVE NON-FACTIVE VERB AND EPISTEMIC ADVERB COLLOCATIONS IN ENGLISH DOCTORAL THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Danang, 2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG TRẦN THỊ MINH GIANG A STUDY OF COGNITIVE NON-FACTIVE VERB AND EPISTEMIC ADVERB COLLOCATIONS IN ENGLISH Major: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code: 62.01 DOCTORAL THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES SUPERVISOR: Assoc. LƯU QUÝ KHƯƠNG Danang, 2018 i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma. No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgements in the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution.
Danang, January 2018 Tran Thi Minh Giang ii ABSTRACT The dissertation is an attempt to describe linguistic features of the structure that consists of the singular first person subject pronoun I and cognitive non-factive verb and epistemic adverb collocations in English in terms of epistemic modality framework. Based on the descriptive method and the collected data of 1000 English samples randomly gathered from different sources such as novels, short stories and online materials, the study presented a detailed description of the structure I + cognitive non-factive verb and epistemic adverb collocations in three linguistic aspects: syntactics, semantics, and pragmatics. More importantly, a linguistic portray of the interplay of these three linguistic dimensions was depicted to serve the main aim of the research. It is hoped that the findings from the research will not only make a great contribution to further understanding of modality in linguistics, but also become very useful to language users in the use of the English structure I + cognitive non-factive verb and epistemic adverb collocations in communication.
Noticeably, the study provides learners of English and even native speakers of English with a practical knowledge of using the structure. Especially, since the study presented detailed and overall view of the structure I + cognitive non-factive verb and epistemic adverb collocations, it is really a good source of reference for teachers of English to apply the English structure in teaching English more effectively. In addition, the study of the structure I + cognitive non-factive verb and epistemic adverb collocations in English also opens the paths for interesting questions relative to epistemic modality in particular, and linguistics in general. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP.
ii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.x LIST OF TABLES. xii LIST OF FIGURES. Aims and Objectives of the Study.
Aims of the Study. Objectives of the Study. Object of the Study. Scope of the Study.
Significance of the Study. Organization of the Study. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND. Review of Previous Researches Related to the Study.
A Combination of Three Aspects. Modality and Epistemic Modality. Traditional Logic Modality. The Distinction between Modality and Proposition.
The Distinction between Deontic and Epistemic Modality. Types of Epistemic Modality. Collocations of Cognitive Non- Factive Verb and Epistemic Adverbs. Modal Lexical Verbs.
Mental Space Theory. Cognitive Non-Factive Verbs. Characteristics of Cognitive Non-Factive Verbs. Types of Epistemic Adverbs in English.
Characteristics of Epistemic Adverbs. Cognitive Non- Factive Verb and Epistemic Adverb Collocations. The Definition of the Term collocation. Modally Harmonic Combinations of a Modal Verb and a Modal Adverb.
Linguistic Features of CNFV and EA Collocations. Mobility of Modality Collocations in the Same Clause. Moved Negation and Epistemic Modality. Epistemic Modality Based on Deduction.
Speech-Act Related Modality. Pragmaticalization and Pragmatic Markers. Factors Affecting the Mobility of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations. The ‘Conversational Maxim’ View in Communicative Strategies.
The ‘Face-Saving’ View in Politeness Theory. Description of Samples. Data Collection Procedure. Data Analysis Procedure.
Procedures of the Study. Analytical Framework of the Study. Reliability and Validity. SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE I + CNFV AND EA COLLOCATIONS.
Analysis of the Structure I + Cognitive Non-Factive Verb and Epistemic Adverb Collocations. Harmony of Cognitive Non-Factive Verbs and Epistemic Adverbs in the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations. The Structure I think + EAs. The Structure I believe + EAs.
The Structure I hope + EAs. The Structure I guess + EAs. The Structure I suppose + EAs. The Structure I assume + EAs.
Frequency of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations. Mobility of Epistemic Adverbs in the Matrix Clause. Syntactic Positions of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations in the Superordinate Clause. Frequency of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations in Initial, Medial, and Final Positions.
Complementizer “that” in a Superordinate Clause. Complementizer “that” with Epistemic Adverbs in the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations. Omission of Complementizer “that” in the Superordinate Clause. Raising of Negative Form in Sentences with the Structure I + Cognitive Non-Factive Verb and Epistemic Adverb Collocations.
SEMANTIC FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE I + CNFV AND EA COLLOCATIONS. Deduction-Based Semantic Features. The Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations Expressing Belief. The Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations Expressing Inference.
The Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations Expressing Prediction. Frequency of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations Showing in Belief, Inference and Prediction. Modal Meanings of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations. Scale of Certainty- Based Semantic Features.
Semantic Features of the Structure I think + EAs Based on the Scale of Negation. PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE I + CNFV AND EA COLLOCATIONS. The Structure I + Cognitive Non-Factive Verb and Epistemic Adverb Collocations Used in Politeness Strategies. Negative Politeness Strategy.
Mitigating the Reproach. Avoiding the Imposition of Knowledge. Revealing the Speaker’s Unflattering Things. Positive Politeness Strategy.
Mitigating Illocutionary Force to Downgrade the Positive Face of the Speaker. Enhancing the Hearer’s Good Virtues to Respect His Positive Face 136 6. Mitigating the Illocutionary Force of Claims of Knowledge by Negating the Speaker’s Knowledge. The Communicative Strategies Using the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations.
Mitigation in the Mobility of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations. Pragmatic Meanings in Negation of the Structure I + Cognitive Non-Factive Verb and Epistemic Adverb Collocations. Hearer-Oriented Pragmatic Meanings of Moved Negation of the Structure I + Cognitive Non-Factive Verb and Epistemic Adverb Collocations. Mitigating the Illocutionary Force of Claims of Knowledge by Using Moved Negation of the structure I + Cognitive Non-Factive Verb and Epistemic Adverb Collocations.
Speech Act – Based Pragmatic Features Expressed by the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations. Complaining or Admonishing. INTERPLAY OF SYNTACTICS, SEMANTICS, AND PRAGMATICS IN THE STRUCTURE I + CNFV AND EA COLLOCATIONS. Mobility of Epistemic Adverbs in the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocation.
Interplay of Three Linguistic Dimensions in the Combination of Just and Other EAs in the Matrix Clause. Interplay of Three Linguistic Aspects in Mobility of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations in a Superordinate Clause. Interplay of Three Linguistic Aspects in the Emphasis by Using Auxiliary Verbs Do in the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations. Interplay of Three Linguistic Aspects in Application of the Relevance Theory by Sperber in the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations.
Interaction of Three Linguistic Aspects in Negative Move of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations. Interplay of Three Linguistic Dimensions in the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations Based on Deduction. For English Language Learning and Teaching. For Language Research.
Limitations of the Thesis and Suggestions for Further Studies. Limitations of the Thesis. Suggestions for Further Studies .183 THE AUTHOR’S ARTICLES RELATED TO THE STUDY .254 x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACAD : academic prose Adv : adverb Art : article Aux : auxiliary C0 : collocation CONV : conversation CNFVs : cognitive non-factive verbs D : distance Det : determinant EAs : epistemic adverbs FICT : fiction writing FTA : face threatening act H : hearer M : modality N : noun NEWS : news writing NP : noun phrase P : proposition Pred : predicate Pro : pronoun Pre : preposition PP : prepositional phrase Rp : relative power Rx : relative ranking S : speaker S (in tree diagrams) : sentence S’ (in tree diagrams) : subordinate clause xi V : verb VP : verbal phrase Wx : weightiness xii LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Positions of epistemic adverbs across registers (Biber, 1999, p.
Harmony of the pattern I think and strong epistemic adverbs. Harmony of the pattern I think and medium epistemic adverbs. Harmony of the pattern I think and low epistemic adverbs. Harmony of the pattern I believe and strong epistemic adverbs.
Harmony of the pattern I believe and medium epistemic adverbs. Harmony of the pattern I believe and low epistemic adverbs. Frequency of the pattern I believe and EAs. Harmony of the pattern I hope and strong epistemic adverbs.
Harmony of the pattern I hope and medium epistemic adverbs. Harmony of the pattern I hope and low epistemic adverbs. Frequency of the pattern I hope and EAs. Harmony of the pattern I guess and epistemic adverbs.
Harmony of the pattern I suppose and epistemic adverbs. Harmony of the pattern I assume and epistemic adverbs. Summary of harmony of CNFVs and EAs in the structure I + CNFV and EA collocations. Frequency of six patterns of the structure I +CNFV and EA collocations.
Frequency of the structure I + CNFV and EA collocations in Initial, Medial, Final Positions. Positions in correlation with the employment of “that”with epistemic adverbs in the matrix Clause. Positions of complementizer ‘that’ in the superordinate clause. The omission of complementizer “that” in English sentences.
Frequency of the moved negation in English sentences with the structure I + CNFV and EA collocations. Semantics features of the structure I + CNFV and EA collocations in English based on deduction. Frequency of the structure I + CNFV and EA collocations in Belief, Inference, and Prediction. Scale of certainty of the structure I + CNFV and EA collocations in English.
The structure I + CNFV and EA collocations with positive and negative politeness strategies. Pragmatic features of the structure I + CNFV and EA collocations based on Speech Act theory. Frequency of pragmatic features of the structure I + CNFV and EA collocations based on Speech Act theory. Interplay of three linguistic aspects based on the mobility of EAs in the structure I + CNFV and EA collocations.
Frequency of mobility of EAs in the matrix clause. Positions of Just in the matrix clause. Three linguistic dimensions in combination of Just and other EAs. Interplay of three linguistic aspects in the mobility of the structure I + CNFV and EA collocations in a sentence.
EAs in the emphasis by using the auxiliary Do in the structure I + CNFV and EA collocations. Interplay of three linguistic aspects in the emphasis with Do in the structure I + CNFV and EA collocations. Interplay of three linguistic aspects in negative move of the structure I + CNFV and EA collocations. Interplay of three linguistic aspects based on deduction of the structure I + CNFV and EA collocations .173 xiv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.