TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY OF STUDY PROJECT REPORT. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS. VI ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS.X LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, AND GRAPHS. XII PART A: INTRODUCTION.
Aims of the study. Scope of the study. Contributions of the study. Organization of the study.
11 CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW. Cross-Cultural pragmatics (CCP) and interlanguage pragmatics (ILP). Notion and scope. Pragmatic transfer and relevant issues.
Speech act theory and disagreeing as a speech act. Notion of speech acts. Classification of speech acts. Disagreeing as a potential face threatening act.
Politeness theory and its application to the present study. Definitions of politeness. Politeness approaches in literature. The strategic view.
The normative view. 39 VI LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Application of politeness approach in the present study. Disagreeing in previous studies and in the present study.
Previous studies of disagreeing in English and Vietnamese. Summary of findings and shortcomings in the previous studies. Disagreeing in the present study. 50 CHAPTER II: METHODOLOGY.
An overview of research methods in inter-language pragmatics. A brief description of the two major research methods in ILP. Common trends in applying research methods to ILP studies. Some concluding remarks on ILP research methods.
Research methods in the present study. The chosen research methods. Reasons for choosing the methods. Data collection instruments.
Meta-pragmatic assessment questionnaires (MAQ). Discourse completion task (DCT). Procedures of developing instruments and gathering data. A description of the T-Test.
Interpretation of the T-Test scores. Results of the T-Test. Chi-square analysis of the MAQ and DCT. A description of the Chi-square.
Interpretation of the Chi-square. Results of the Chi-square analyses. 90 CHAPTER III: CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AND PRAGMATIC TRANSFER IN THE PERCEPTION OF RELATIVE POWER. Power and language in social interactions in previous studies.
The concept and nature of power in social interactions. Previous studies of power and language in social interactions. 92 VII LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Major findings and shortcomings in the previous studies of power.
Power and language are closely interconnected. Power is conceptualized differently in different cultures. Factors that need taking into concern when studying power. Perception of P in the present study.
The perception of P in the family context. Equal-power situations in the family context. Unequal-power situations in the family context. Concluding remarks of P perception in the family context.
The perception of P in the university context. Equal-power situations in the university context. Unequal-power situations in the university context. Concluding remarks of P in the university context.
The perception of P in the work context. Equal-power situations in the work context. Unequal-power situations in the work context. Concluding remarks of P in the work context.
The perception of P in the social context. Equal-power situations in the social context. Unequal-power situations in the social context. Concluding remarks of P in the social context.
136 CHAPTER IV: CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AND PRAGMATIC TRANSFER IN THE USE OF DISAGREEING POLITENESS STRATEGIES. Disagreeing politeness strategies realized in the invested situations. Disagreeing strategies based on B&L’s framework. Bald on record.
Don’t do the FTA (No FTA). Disagreeing strategies in the analytical framework of the present study. Disagreeing politeness strategies in powerless situations. 150 VIII LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
Disagreeing politeness strategies in powerful situations. On inverse PT and CC differences in power perception. On negative PT and CC differences in the use of disagreeing politeness strategies. On negative PT in the use of disagreeing politeness strategies in specific situations.
On CC differences in the use of disagreeing politeness strategies in specific situations. On the use of disagreeing politeness strategies in powerful and powerless situations. Suggestions for further studies. 196 ARTICLES AND PROJECTS RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION.
209 APPENDIX B: CODING SYSTEM OF DISAGREEING POLITENESS STRATEGIES. 224 APPENDIX C: STATISTIC RESULTS. 263 IX LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS A: Addressee ANS: Australian native speaker B&L: Brown and Levinson CC: Cross-cultural CCP: Cross-cultural pragmatics D: Social Distance DCT: Discourse completion task/test FTA: Face Threatening Act H: Hearer IL: Interlanguage ILP: Interlanguage pragmatics MAQ: Metapragmatic assessment questionnaire P: Relative Power PT: Pragmatic transfer R: Ranking of imposition S: Speaker Se: Setting VLE: Vietnamese learner of English VNS: Vietnamese native speaker Politeness strategies: Avoid D: Avoid disagreement Bald-on R: Bald on record Common G: Presuppose/ raise/ assert common ground Concern: Assert or presuppose S’s knowledge of or concern for H’s wants Conventionally ind: Be conventionally indirect Deference: Give deference Encourage: Condolence, encouragement FTA as a GR: State the FTA as a general rule Gift: Give gifts to H Hint: Give hints Impersonalize: Impersonalize S and H In-group: Use in-group identity markers Include S&H: Include both S and H in the activity Interest: Intensify interest to H Ironic: Be ironic Minimize the imp: Minimize the imposition, Rx Multiple P: Multiple positive politeness Multiple N: Multiple negative politeness Multiple O: Multiple off record Negative P: Negative politeness X LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com No FTA: Don’t do the FTA N + O: Negative politeness plus off record Optimistic: Be optimistic Positive P: Positive politeness Promise: Offer, promise =P: Equal-power P + N: Positive politeness plus negative politeness P + O: Positive politeness plus off record P + N + O: Positive politeness plus negative politeness plus off record Reciprocity: Assume or assert reciprocity Reason: Give (or ask for) reasons Rhetorical Q: Use rhetorical questions Single P: Single positive politeness Single N: Single negative politeness Single O: Single off record Vague: Be vague In tables and sample analyses: CCD: Cross-cultural difference +D: Small social distance =D: Not-large-nor-small social distance -D: Large social distance -P: Powerless/Low power =P: Equal-power +P: Powerful/High power +Se: Formal setting =Se: Semi-formal setting -Se: Informal setting Sit.: Situation No PT: No pragmatic transfer In numbered examples: Examples are numbered for ease of reference.9) signifies the ninth example in the fourth chapter. Underlined: used to highlight what is being demonstrated.
In the text: Italics: used for emphasis, examples, politeness strategies, or technical terms mentioned for the first time. &: used to replace “and” for linking the names of co-authors of references. XI LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, AND GRAPHS FIGURES In chapter I: Figure 1.1: Classification of communicative illocutionary acts .2: Lakoff’s rules of pragmatic competence .3: B&L’s framework of politeness strategies .4: Taxonomy of disagreement (Adapted from Miller, 2000: 1095). 44 In chapter II: Figure 2.1: Methods of data elicitation .2: Procedures of developing instruments and gathering data .4: Interpretation of P, D, and Se values in the T-Test .5: Description of the Chi-square analysis of P perception .6: Description for the Chi-square test of the use of disagreeing strategies.
80 TABLES In chapterII: Table 2.1: 13 valid and reliable situations in which S & H are not equal in power .2: Six selected situations for the DCT .3: General notation 2 x 2 contingency table.4: An example of a 2 x 2 contingency table in the present study.5: The Chi-square distribution table .6: The analytical framework of the present study. 90 In chapter III: Table 3.1: Power distance index values for 50 countries and 3 regions .2: Role relationships used for Equal/Unequal dyads (Spencer-Oatey, 1996: 11).3: Family equal-power situations (Sit.4: Family powerless situations (Sit.5: Family powerful situations (Sit.6: CC differences and inverse PT in P perception in the family context.7: University equal-power situations (Sit.8: University powerless situations (Sit.9: University powerful situations (Sit.10: CC differences and inverse PT in P perception in the university context .11: Work equal-power situations (Sit.12: Work powerless situation (Sit. 120 XII LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.13: Work powerful situations (Sit.14: CC differences and inverse PT in P perception in the work context.15: Social equal-power situations with gender aspect (Sit.16: Social equal-power situations with social status (Sit.17: Social equal-power situations with economic status (Sit.18: Social equal-power situations with physical strength (Sit.19: Social equal-power situations with intellectual capacity (Sit.20: Social powerless situation with age aspect (Sit.21: Social powerful situation with age aspect (Sit.22: CC differences and inverse PT in P perception in the work context. 136 In chapter IV: Table 4.1: Perception of P, D, and Se in situation 1 .2: Realization of 6 major groups of disagreeing strategies in situation 1.3: Realization of 12 subgroups of disagreeing strategies in situation 1 .4: Perception of P, D, and Se in situation 9 by the three groups.5: Realization of 6 major groups of disagreeing strategies in situation 9.6: Realization of 12 subgroups of disagreeing strategies in situation 9 .7: Perception of P, D, and S in situation 27 by the three groups.8: Realization of 6 major groups of disagreeing strategies in situation 27.9: Realization of 12 subgroups of disagreeing strategies in situation 27.
CC differences and negative PT in the subject’s use of six major groups of strategies in the powerless situations. CC differences and negative PT in the subject’s use of 12 subgroups of strategies in the powerless situations .12: Perception of P, D, and Se in situation 5 by the three groups.13: Realization of 6 major groups of disagreeing strategies in situation 5.14: Realization of 12 subgroups of disagreeing strategies in situation 5.15: Perception of P, D, and Se in situation 12 by the three groups.16: Realization of 6 major groups of disagreeing strategies in situation 12 .17: Realization of 12 subgroups of disagreeing strategies in situation 12.18: Perception of P, D, and Se in situation 13 by the three groups.19: Realization of 6 major groups of disagreeing strategies in situation 13.20: Realization of 12 subgroups of disagreeing strategies in situation 13. CC differences and negative PT in the subject’s use of six major groups of strategies in the powerful situations. CC differences and negative PT in the subject’s use of 12 subgroups of strategies in the powerless situations.
183 XIII LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com In part C: Table C. Negative PT, as seen from the six major groups of strategies. Negative PT, as seen from the twelve subgroups of strategies. CC differences, as seen from the six major groups of strategies.
CC differences, as seen from the twelve subgroups of strategies. 192 GRAPHS In chapter III: Graph 3.1: Family equal-power situations (Sit.2: Family powerless situations (Sit.3: Family powerful situations (Sit.4: University equal-power situations (Sit.5: University powerless situations (Sit.6: University powerful situations (Sit.7: Work equal-power situations (Sit.8: Work powerless situation (Sit.9: Work powerful situations (Sit.10: Social equal-power situations with gender aspect (Sit.11: Social equal-power situations with social status (Sit.12: Social equal-power situations with economic status (Sit.13: Social equal-power situations with physical strength (Sit.14: Social equal-power situations with intellectual capacity (Sit.15: Social powerless situation with age aspect (Sit.16: Social powerful situation with age aspect (Sit. 135 In chapter IV: Graph 4.1: Realization of 6 major groups of disagreeing strategies in situation 1.2: Realization of 12 subgroups of disagreeing strategies in situation 1.3: Realization of 6 major groups of disagreeing strategies in situation 9.4: Realization of 12 subgroups of disagreeing strategies in situation 9.5: Realization of 6 major groups of disagreeing strategies in situation 27.6: Realization of 12 subgroups of disagreeing strategies in situation 27.7: Realization of 6 major groups of disagreeing strategies in situation 5.8: Realization of 12 subgroups of disagreeing strategies in situation 5.9: Realization of 6 major groups of disagreeing strategies in situation 12.11: Realization of 6 major groups of disagreeing strategies in situation 13 .12: Realization of 12 subgroups of disagreeing strategies in situation 13. 181 XIV LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com PART A: INTRODUCTION 1.
Rationale In the process of globalization, English has played an increasingly important role in various fields, such as: science, business, education, and especially, cross-cultural (henceforth CC) communication.