VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HCM CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS & LITERATURE A cross-cultural study: REFUSALS OF REQUESTS BY AMERICAN SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN TESOL Supervisor: LÊ THỊ THANH, Ph. Submitted by: NGUYỄN NGỌC TÂM HCMC, January 2010 i Certificate of Originality of Study Project Report I certify my authorship of the Study Project Report Submitted today entitled: A cross-cultural study: REFUSALS OF REQUESTS BY AMERICAN SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH. in terms of the Statement of Requirements for Theses and Field Study Reports in Masters’ programs issues by the Higher Degree Committee. ………………………………………… (Signature of the author) …………………… (Date) ii RETENTION AND USE OF THESES AND STUDY PROJECT AND REPORT I hereby state that I, NGUYEN NGOC TAM, being the candidate for the degree of Master of Arts (TESOL) accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Mater’s Theses and Field Study Reports deposited in the Library.
In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original of my Study Project Report deposited in the Library should be accessible for purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Library for the care, loan, or reproduction of theses. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply indebted to a number of people for helping to make this master thesis possible. First and foremost, my deepest gratitude goes to Dr. Le Thi Thanh, my supervisor, who supported and encouraged me generously throughout this research study.
Without her excellent academic guidance and support, my thesis would not have been possible. I would like to sincerely thank the anonymous participants who contributed data to this study. Many thanks also to the teachers, business people who kindly involved in the data collection process. Without their outstanding cooperation, this thesis would not have been completed.
Very special thanks are due to my close friends, my brothers Vo Duy Minh, and Nguyen Thanh Duong for their enthusiastic counseling and technical assistance throughout my difficult times of data analysis. Without them, I could not have finished this research study And last, but by no means least, my heartfelt thanks go to my beloved mother, and especially my wonderful, loving wife Nguyen Thi Kim Nhu, without whose unfailing love, understanding, encouragement, and material and mental support over time and distance, I could not have got this far. iv ABSTRACT Inter-language pragmatics research has contributed a great deal to our understanding of L2 pragmatic use but less to our understanding of L2 pragmatic development, although developmental issues are also its primary research goal. Additionally, previous studies have been confined to a rather small set of speech acts, under-researching such face-damaging acts as requesting and refusing requests even though these may be more challenging for L2 learners.
This contrastive study investigates refusals to requests in American English and Vietnamese. It aims to seek firstly, the similarities and differences in making refusals to requests between two languages concerning with refusal strategies, levels of directness, and the frequency distribution of refusal strategies, secondly, the effect of social status, age, and gender on the choice of refusal strategies, and finally pragmatic transfers in Vietnamese speakers’ refusals in English. In this study, the data were collected by three sets of questionnaires which were completed by 30 native American English speakers (ASEs), 30 Vietnamese speakers (VSVs) and 30 Vietnamese speakers of English (VSEs) from tertiary schools and universities in Ho Chi Minh City. All data of this study were collected by using a modified version of the discourse completion task (DCT) developed by Beebe et al.
Quantitative, qualitative and contrastive study was applied to the data analysis. Findings from the study tentatively signify that: Generally, there are both similarities and differences in refusals by both the native English Americans and Vietnamese in terms of refusal strategies, order of refusal categories, and the concurrence distributions of these strategies. Americans tend to be more direct in using refusal strategies than the Vietnamese, but they employ fewer refusal strategies. There are certain transfers in Vietnamese speakers’ refusal strategies when they make refusals in English.
v Based on the findings, certain implications for the teaching and learning of language functions were recommended; limitations were identified, and further research was also suggested. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements iii Abstract iv Table of contents vi List of figures ix List of tables x List of abbreviations and symbols xi Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.5 Significance of the study 4 1.7 Organization of the study 6 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.2 Recent empirical studies on speech acts 9 2.3 Principle of communication 11 2.4 The notion of face 11 2.6 Indirectness and Politeness 14 2.7 Politeness in Vietnamese language 15 2.8 Cross-cultural pragmatic transfer 17 2.9 Factors affecting directness and indirectness in communication 18 2.10 Social status, age, and gender 20 vii 2.11 Past researches on refusals 21 Chapter 3: RESEARCH DESIGN 26 3.2 Methodology and procedure of data collection 27 3.2 Procedure of data collection 27 3.4 Methods of data analysis 30 3.1 Classification of Refusals 30 3.2 Explanations for coding semantic formulae 34 3.3 Adjuncts to refusals 37 3.5 Instruments 38 Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 39 4.1 Similarities and differences between ASEs and VSVs in refusing requests 39 4.1 Refusal strategies used by ASEs 39 4.2 Refusal strategies employed by VSVs 44 4.3 Similarities and differences of refusal strategies used by ASEs and VSVs 47 4.2 The effect of social status, gender, and age on the choice of refusal strategies 49 4.3 Transfers in refusal strategies performed by VSEs 67 4.4 Discussion of the reults 73 4.1 Similarities and differences in refusals employed ASEs and VSVs 73 viii 4.2 The Influence of social status, age and gender 74 4.3 Pragmatic transfers in refusals made by VSEs 77 4.5 Summary of results 78 4.1 Summary on Similarities and differences of refusal strategies used by ASEs and VSVs 78 4.2 Summary on the effect of social status, gender, and age 79 4.3 Summary on the pragmatic transfer in refusal strategies 80 Chapter 5: CONCLUSIONS 82 5.2 Some suggestive implications for EFL teaching and learning 85 5.1 Implications from the similarities and differences in making request refusals between the Americans and Vietnamese 85 5.2 The influence of social status, age and gender on the choice of refusal strategies and frequency distributions of these refusal categories 86 5.3 The interfere of the first language habit into the second language use 86 5.3 Suggestion for further research 87 BIBLIOGRAPHY 88 APPENDICES 100 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1a: Frequency distribution of refusal strategies used by ASEs in terms of social status Figure 4.1b: Frequency distribution of refusal strategies used by VSVs in terms of social Figure 4.1c: Frequency distribution of refusal strategies used by ASEs and VSVs in terms of three levels of social status Figure 4.2a: The influence of age on the frequency distribution of refusal strategies used by Americans Figure 4.2b: The influence of age on the frequency distribution of refusal strategies used by Vietnamese Figure 4.2c: The influence of levels of age on the choice of refusal strategies used by ASEs and VSVs Figure 4.3: Transfer in making refusal to requests by VSEs compared with VSVs and ASEs x LIST OF TABLES Table 3: General description of three subject groups participating in the study Table 4.1: Frequency of strategies in each category for American and Vietnamese refusals Table 4.2: The sequences of refusal strategies used by ASEs Table 4.3 The sequences of refusal strategies preferred by VSVs Table 4.4 The sequences of refusal strategies used by ASEs and VSVs Table 4.5: Frequency distribution of refusal strategies used by ASEs and VSVs in terms of social status Table 4.6: Frequency distribution of refusal strategies used by ASEs and VSVs under the influence of gender.7: Frequency distribution of refusal strategies used by ASEs and VSVs under the influence of age.8: Typical orders of Semantic formulas in refusal to requests by three subject groups Requester status: higher Table 4.9: Typical orders of Semantic formulas in refusal to requests by three subject groups Requester status: equal Table 4.10: Frequency distribution of refusal strategies used by three subject groups xi LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ASEs American Speakers of English DCT Discourse Completion Task FTAs Face Threatening Acts GDS Gia Dinh High School LTPS Luu Tan Phat High School LTTS Le Thanh Ton High School L1 First language L2 Second language NNSs Non-native Speakers NSs Native Speakers SARS Speech Acts of Refusals SCP Simple Concordance Program TDU Ton Duc Thang University VLEs Vietnamese Learners of English VSEs Vietnamese Speakers of English VSVs Vietnamese Speakers of Vietnamese xii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Communicative, or pragmatic, competence is the ability to use language forms in a wide range of environments, factoring in the relationships between the speakers involved and the social and cultural context of the situation (Gass & Selinker, 1994). Speakers who may be considered “fluent” in a second language due to their mastery of the grammar and vocabulary of that language may still lack pragmatic competence; in other words, they may still be unable to produce language that is socially and culturally appropriate. When second language learners engage in conversations with native speakers, difficulties may arise due to their lack of mastery of the conversational norms involved in the production of speech acts.
Such conversational difficulties may in turn cause breakdowns in interethnic communication (Gumperz, 1990). When the non-native speakers violate speech acts realization patterns typically used by native speakers of a target language, they often suffer the perennial risk of inadvertently violating conversational and politeness norms thereby forfeiting their claims to being treated by their interactants as social equals (Kasper, 1990). Communication difficulties are resulted when conversationalists do not share the same knowledge of the subtle rules governing conversations. Scarcella (1979) ascribes high frequency of such difficulties to the fact that “non-native speakers, when conversing, often transfer the conversational rules of their first language into the second” (p.
The use of rules of speaking from one’s speech act community when interacting or when speaking in a second or a foreign language is known as 1 pragmatic transfer. Weinreich U (1953) says “Those instances of deviation from the norms of either language which occur in the speech act of bilinguals as a result of their familiarity with more than one language, i. as a result of language contact, will be referred to as interference phenomena. It is these phenomena of speech, and their impact on the norms of either language exposed to contact, that invite the interest of the linguist” (as cited in Wolfson, 1989, p.
What L2 learners must know for successful speech act performance has been presented in a “top-down processing” manner (Kasper, 1984): “Learners first have to recognize the extra-linguistic, cultural constraints that operate in a NS’s choice of a particular speech act appropriate to the context. They also have to know how to realize this speech act at the linguistic level and in accordance with L2 socio- cultural norms” (p. Cohen (1996 ) terms this “Socio-cultural knowledge” as “ speakers’ ability to determine whether it is acceptable to perform the speech act at all in the given situation and, so far, to select one or more semantic formulas that would be appropriate in the realization of the given speech act” (p. Refusals, like other speech acts, occur in all languages.
However, not all languages/ cultures refuse in the same way nor do they feel comfortable refusing the same invitation, suggestion or request. The speech act of refusal occurs when a speaker directly or indirectly says ‘no’ to a request or an invitation. Refusal is a face- threatening act to the listener/ requester/ inviter because it contradicts his or her expectations, and is often realized through indirect strategies.