VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES -------- NGUYỄN THỊ MINH HIẾU STUDENTS’ BELIEFS ABOUT VOCABULARY LEARNING: A MIXED METHODS STUDY ( Sử dụng phương pháp hỗn hợp nghiên cứu niềm tin của học sinh về việc học từ vựng) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: Language Teaching Methodology Code: 60140111 HANOI, 2014 z VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES -------- NGUYỄN THỊ MINH HIẾU STUDENTS’ BELIEFS ABOUT VOCABULARY LEARNING: A MIXED METHODS STUDY ( Sử dụng phương pháp hỗn hợp nghiên cứu niềm tin của học sinh về việc học từ vựng) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: Language Teaching Methodology Code: 60140111 Superisor: Dr. Lê Văn Canh HANOI, 2014 z DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and effort and that has not been submitted anywhere for any award.
Where other sources of information have been used, they have been acknowledged. I cede copyright of the thesis in favor of Post- Graduate Department- Vietnam National University. Ha noi, 2014 Nguyễn Thi ̣Minh Hiế u i z ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I wish to send my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Dr Lê Văn Canh for his expert guidance, helpful suggestions and critical feedback throughout the study. Secondly, I would like to acknowledge my gratitude to all the lectures in the Faculty of Post-graduate Studies of Hanoi University of Languages and International Studies for their useful lessons from which I have benefited a lot for the accomplishment of this study.
And I am also indebted to my students from class 11A1, 11A4, 11A7 and my colleagues at Ha Long high school for their participation and assistance without which this study could not have been successful. Last but not least, I would like to express my special thanks to my family, my beloved parents, my younger brother and my dear younger for their love, encouragement, immeasurable support and concrete help for me to complete this research. Many thanks also go to all of you, to anyone I have forgotten to mention here. ii z ABSTRACT The construct of learner beliefs is a topic that has gained much attention in education in recent years.
Nearly two decades of research has revealed that beliefs about second/foreign language learning are strong influential factors on learning achievements. This study explores the beliefs about vocabulary learning held by the secondary school students specializing in English, their employed vocabulary learning strategies as well as the extent to which their beliefs influenced their use of vocabulary learning strategies. The participants were 95 secondary school students of the English- specialization stream in one specialized secondary school in Quang Ninh province. The study used a mixed-methods design with questionnaires and interviews being the instruments of data collection.
The questionnaire was administered to identify the students‟ beliefs about vocabulary learning and their employed vocabulary learning strategies. A small number of the questionnaire respondents were chosen for the follow-up interviews. The interview questions were developed on the basis of the initial results of the analysis of the questionnaire responses. The purpose of the interview was two-fold.
First, it was to elicit more information that the questionnaire responses failed to provide. Second, it was to cross-check the responses the students gave to the questionnaire. The obtained results revealed that the students in general had positive beliefs about vocabulary learning. They attached great importance to the role of vocabulary and lexical knowledge to their learning English at the school.
However, they had conflicting beliefs about how words should be learned. In addition, there is consistence between their reported beliefs about vocabulary learning and their reported vocabulary learning strategies. The findings of the study also indicated that most of the strategies the students reported that they employed were cognitive trategies. Even in the interview, none of them mentioned any metacognitive or motivational strategies.
iii z LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS VLB: Vocabulary Learning Beliefs VLS: Vocabulary Learning Strategies EFL: English as a Foreign Language BALLI: Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign Language US: The United States of America L1: First Language L2: Second Language iv z LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Beliefs about the importance of vocabulary 20 Table 2. Beliefs about vocabulary learning 22 Table 2. Students‟ self-report of the vocabulary learning strategies they used 23 Table 2.
Strategies preferences reported by the students in the interviews 26 v z TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ……………………………………………………………………………i Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………ii Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….iii List of abbriviations……………………………………………………………………iv List of tables……………………………………………………………………………v Table of contents……………………………………………………………………….vi PART A: INTRODUCTION. Statement of Problem. Aims of the Study. Methods of the Study.
Significance of the Study. 4 CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW. Definition of Learner Beliefs. Why Study Learner Beliefs.
Research on Learner Beliefs. Beliefs and Learning Successes. What involves in knowing a word. Beliefs and Strategy Use.
16 CHAPTER II: THE STUDY. Summary of key findings. Implications for teaching. Suggestions for future research.
VI vii z PART A: INTRODUCTION LEARNERS’ BELIEFS ABOUT VOCABULARY LEARNING 1. Statement of Problem In recent decades, researchers in the field of second language acquisition have shown great interest in learners‟ individual characteristics that can affect the learners‟ success in language learning. The results of studies on second language learners‟ beliefs have revealed that beliefs about second/foreign language learning are strong influential factors on learning achievements, leading to a new wave of attention to beliefs about language learning (Heidari, Izadi, & Ahmadian, 2011). Researchers have found that second language learners come to the language class with some preconceived ideas or beliefs about language and language learning and that these beliefs can indicate what expectations the learners have and what actions in their language learning they will take (Abraham & Vann, 1987; Holec, 1987, Hortwitz, 1985; Wenden, 1987).
Therefore, researchers have been investigating the beliefs that second language learners possess and the factors that affect learners‟ beliefs in order to find ways to help learners adjust their beliefs to facilitate their language learning. Vocabulary learning has been identified as their greatest problem in English learning (Si, 2005). Vocabulary learning beliefs, another learner variable that influences vocabulary learning (Moir & Nation, 2002; Gu, 2005), is an under- researched area. Although the importance of learners‟ beliefs is now generally recognized in the field of English language education, few studies have been reported about learners‟ beliefs about vocabulary learning.
It is widely perceived that vocabulary learning is important and that vocabulary learning outcomes are not satisfactory for most learners. As beliefs are factors influencing vocabulary learning strategies, it is necessary to investigate learners‟ beliefs about vocabulary learning so as 1 z appropriate pedagogical interventions can be decided to help learners to learn vocabulary more effectively and efficiently. In other words, understanding learners‟ varied orientations toward vocabulary learning can provide teachers with information to guide their teaching which is aimed at developing the students‟ vocabulary. As language learning beliefs can be shaped by culture and context (Horwitz, 1988), and language learning strategy choice is influenced by factors such as beliefs, cultural background and types of task (Oxford, 1994), the vocabulary learning beliefs may also differ among learners in different learning cultures and contexts.
Aims of the Study The study was designed to achieve the two following aims: 1. To explore the beliefs about English language vocabulary learning held by a group of students in a Vietnamese specialized secondary school. To find out the vocabulary learning strategies employed by this group of students. To examine the extent to which their beliefs affect their choice of vocabulary learning strategies 3.
Research Questions In order to achieve the above aims, the study was designed to answer the following questions: 1. What are the beliefs about vocabulary learning held by the English-specializing stream students? 2. What vocabulary learning strategies do these students self-report that they use in learning vocabulary? 3. How do their beliefs influence their use of vocabulary learning strategies? 2 z 4.
Methods of the Study In order to provide a more objective and comprehensive picture of learners‟ VLB and VLS in the English as a foreign language (EFL) context, the present study adopted a mixed methods approach. The study was conducted among the students studying in one specialized secondary school in Quang Ninh province. Significance of the Study Many researchers have suggested that knowledge of the students‟ beliefs about language learning should provide teachers with better understandings of their students‟ “expectation of, commitment to, success in, and satisfaction with their language classes” (Horwitz, 1988, p. Thus, findings of this study would help classroom teachers to find more effective ways of helping the students to learn English vocabulary better.
3 z PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter reviews the literature on learners‟ beliefs about second language learning, particularly learners‟ beliefs about vocabulary. The chapter begins with a definition of learner beliefs, the rationale for researching learner beliefs about second language learning, the research on language learners‟ beliefs, and the relationship between learners‟ beliefs and their success in learning the second language. This is followed by a review of the literature on vocabulary learning. This includes the vocabulary knowledge and vocabulary learning strategies.
Definition of Learner Beliefs While the significance of researching beliefs has been widely acknowledged, defining what belief is a big challenge because of the complexity of the concept. Pajares (1992) refers to it as a “messy construct”. Horwitz (1985), one of the pioneer researchers of the studies on beliefs about language learning, did not give any definition of beliefs about language learning in her articles. She used the terms such as “preconceptions”, “preconceived ideas”, and “preconceived notions” to refer to „beliefs‟ without giving specific descriptions about the construct.
Huang (1997) viewed beliefs about language learning as “preconceptions language learners have about the task of learning the target language” (p. Hosenfeld (1978) viewed learner beliefs as their „mini theories‟ of L2 learning which shape the way they set about the learning task. These theories are made up of beliefs about language and language learning. Clearly „beliefs‟ constitute an individual difference variable notably different from the other individual difference factors such as language aptitude or motivation but, like these variables, beliefs influence both the 4 z process and product of learning.
Also, like a number of other individual difference variables, they are dynamic and situated. Richardson (1996) defined beliefs as “psychologically held understandings, premises, or propositions about the world that are felt to be true” ( p.102), and these beliefs were said to act as strong filters of reality (Arnold, 1999). Despite the variety of terms, learners‟ beliefs can be broadly defined as opinions and ideas that learners have about the task of learning a second/foreign language (Kalaja & Barcelos, 2003). Borg (2001) sums up the common features of beliefs and develops the following definition: A belief is a proposition which may be consciously or unconsciously held, is evaluative in that it is accepted as true by the individual, and is therefore imbued with emotive commitment; further, it serves as a guide to thought and behaviour (Borg, 2001, p.
This definition is adopted for this study because the study was aimed at identifying the high school learners‟ vocabulary learning behaviours in learning English as a foreign language and what guides those behaviours. Horwitz (1987) concludes that some beliefs are probably shaped by students‟ previous experiences as language learners, and other beliefs are probably shaped by students‟ cultural background. Why Study Learner Beliefs Learner belief is a central construct which deals with human behaviour and influence learners‟ consciousness, learning attitude, learning strategies (Horwitz, 1985). During the last two decades, second language learning researchers have spent a lot of effort on the cognitive aspects of language learning.
Research indicates that 5 z individual students differ considerably in their use of learning strategies (e. Altan, 2003; O‟Malley Chamot, 1990; Oxford, 1992,1993). An important question is what causes students to approach a specific language task differently.