MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY PHẠM ĐOÀN THANH DUNG HEDGING IN REPRESENTATIVES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE WEATHER FORECASTS Field: English Linguistics Code: 8. Nguyễn Quang Ngoạn BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN PHẠM ĐOÀN THANH DUNG CHE CHẮN TRONG HÀNH VI MÔ TẢ TRONG CÁC BẢN TIN DỰ BÁO THỜI TIẾT BẰNG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 8.01 Ngƣời hƣớng dẫn: PGS. Nguyễn Quang Ngoạn STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that this thesis has not been submitted for any degree and is not currently being submitted for any other degree or award. I also declare that any help received in preparing this thesis, and all sources used have been acknowledged in this thesis.
Binh Dinh, 2020 Phạm Đoàn Thanh Dung ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am filled with deep gratitude and I aspire to acknowledge many individuals who have heartened me in various ways so as to complete this thesis today. First of all, I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my research supervisor, Assoc. Nguyen Quang Ngoan for giving me the opportunity to do research and providing invaluable guidance throughout this thesis. His dynamism, vision, sincerity and motivation have deeply inspired me.
Without his timely enlightenment, my academic pathway could have been unfortunately interrupted. Besides, I wish to show my gratitude to all the lecturers of my master’s course, who have enabled me to upgrade my skills and enrich my knowledge of Linguistics for the past two years. I am also indebted to the authors and experts whose works have been cited in the Literature Review part of my study. Next, my sincere thanks go to my school management board and colleagues at Luong The Vinh High School whose assistance made it feasible for me to participate in this master course and fully concentrate on completing my thesis.
Last but not least, I need to extend my deepest thanks to my beloved family and a special friend of mine, Ngoc Thanh, who have given me a lot of material and mental supports as well as strong motivation to conquer all the challenges and obstacles during the process of doing my research. ABSTRACT In this study, an attempt is made to explore hedging forms and functions to identify the similarities and differences between the English weather forecasts and Vietnamese ones in terms of hedging forms and pragmatic functions. The data for analysis was taken from 60 weather forecasts in English and in Vietnamese with about 619 samples of hedges in total. In order to achieve the aims and objectives, a contrastive analysis of the data was conducted, following both qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Taking the classification of hedges of Varttala’s (2001) as the theoretical framework, the study targets at spotting the hedging forms. The research results indicated that the employment of the hedging forms in the English and Vietnamese data shared many similarities. The study registered the occurrence of two types of hedges, namely lexical hedges and phrasal hedges, with lexical hedges taking the lead in the English data and phrasal hedges being the most prominent category of hedges in the Vietnamese data. Besides, the outcomes dealt with functions of hedges by using Grice’s (1975) maxims as the framework.
Quality hedges emerged as the most prominent categories in both sources of the data. The remaining categories, namely, quantity hedges, manner hedges, relevance hedges and mixed hedges were distributed unevenly in the English data and Vietnamese one. TABLE OF CONTENT STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF GRAPHS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Aims and Objectives of the Study.
Aims of the Study. Objectives of the Study. Scope of the Study. Significance of the Study.
Structure of the Study. 4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Overview of speech acts. Types of speech acts.
Subtypes of representatives. Overview of hedges. Origin of the term hedge. Definitions of hedges.
Hedges adhering to Varttala’s classification. Hedges adhering to Grice’s conversational maxims. Overview of weather forecasting. Brief history of weather forecasting.
Definition of a weather forecast. Forecast quality of weather forecasts. Previous relevant studies. 19 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES.
Data collection and data analysis. Criteria for data collection. Data collecting sources. Description of samples.
Process and theoretical framework for data analysis. Data-processing procedures. Validity and reliability. 26 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ON TYPES OF HEDGES IN WEATHER FORECASTS.
Types of hedges in the English weather forecasts. Words as hedges. Phrases as hedges. Types of hedges in the Vietnamese weather forecasts.
Words as hedges. Phrases as hedges. Similarities and differences of hedges in EWFs and VWFs. Summary of the quantitative data of hedge usages.
54 CHAPTER 5: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ON PRAGMATIC FUNCTIONS OF HEDGES IN WEATHER FORECASTS. Pragmatic functions of hedges in the English weather forecasts. Analysis of hedging devices for the maxim of quality. Analysis of hedging devices for the maxim of quantity.
Analysis of hedging devices for the maxim of relevance. Analysis of hedging devices for the maxim of manner. Analysis of other hedges. Pragmatic functions of hedges in the Vietnamese weather forecasts.
Analysis of hedging devices for the maxim of quality. Analysis of hedging devices for the maxim of quantity. Analysis of hedging devices for the maxim of relevance. Analysis of hedging devices for the maxim of manner.
Analysis of others…………………………………………………71 5. Similarities and differences of hedges in EWFs and VWFs. Summary of the quantitative data of hedge usages. Summary of major findings.
Limitations and suggestions for further researches. 79 APPENDIX ABBREVIATIONS ABB Full words/ phrases EWFs The English weather forecasts VWFs The Vietnamese weather forecasts QlH Quality hedges QnH Quantity hedges MaH Manner hedges ReH Relevance hedges LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Taxonomy of hedging devices. The framework of the analysis of representatives .1: Overall distribution of hedging categories in EWFs .2: The frequency of lexical hedges in EWFs .3: The frequency of modal auxiliaries as hedges in EWFs .4: The frequency of lexical verbs as hedges in EWFs .5: The frequency of adverbs as hedges in EWFs .6: The frequency of adjectives as hedges in EWFs .7: The frequency of nouns as hedges in EWFs .8: Subtypes of phrasal hedges in EWFs .9: The frequency of verb phrases as hedges in EWFs .10: The frequency of prepositional phrases as hedges in EWFs .11: The frequency of other phrases as hedges in EWFs .12: Overall distribution of hedging categories in VWFs .13: The frequency of lexical hedges in VWFs .14: The frequency of lexical verbs as hedges in VWFs .15: The frequency of auxiliary verbs as hedges in VWFs .16: The frequency of adverbs as hedges in VWFs .17: The frequency of nouns as hedges in VWFs .18: Subtypes of phrasal hedges in VWFs .19: The frequency of verb phrases in VWFs .20: The frequency of noun phrases as hedges in VWFs .21: The frequency of adjective phrases as hedges in VWFs .22: The frequency of prepositional phrases as hedges in VWFs .1: Types of hedging devices on Grice’s maxims in EWFs .2: Quality hedges in EWFs .3: Quantity hedges in EWFs .4: Relevance hedges in EWFs.5: Manner hedges in EWFs .6: Types of hedging devices on Grice’s maxims in VWFs .7: Quality hedges in VWFs .8: Quantity hedges in VWFs .9: Relevance hedges in VWFs .10: Manner hedges in VWFs. 71 LIST OF GRAPHS Graph 4.1: The frequency of hedging categories in EWFs and VWFs .1: The frequency of hedging functions in EWFs and VWFs.
Rationale Throughout history, the weather has played an important role in human survival, affecting a wide range of aspects of day to day life such as transportation, navigation, farming, tourism, fishing, events and celebrations, etc. It comes as no surprise to know that people have been monitoring, measuring and predicting the weather for thousands of years. In fact, weather forecasting is the process of anticipating the future conditions of the climate and atmosphere with the use of scientific models and techniques. Weather forecasting serves many purposes and needs.
Firstly, weather forecasting is to provide as accurate as possible prediction of what the weather will be like in the near future. Without accurate weather forecasts, people involved may end up in dangerous situations or even deaths. Secondly, it helps raise people’s safety awareness for incoming disasters so that life and property can be protected. Thirdly, the governments have responsibility to provide safety measures to their respective communities and take preventive steps initially so that the after-effects of disasters can be minimized.
In other words, weather forecasts can significantly influence life, property, policymaking, construction planning, productivity and environmental risk management. Therefore, studying weather forecasts and hedging against weather risks are very crucial for human life. In applied linguistics, hedges allow speakers and writers to signal caution, or probability, versus full certainty. Most studies on hedging approach the phenomenon from either a textual or pragmatic perspective such as speech act and politeness theory, genre-specific investigations, interactional pragmatics and studies of vague language.
While there are many 2 studies on hedging in a wide variety of disciplinary discourses, weather forecasts, to date, have been largely overlooked. What is more, despite the significance of hedging and the extensive research conducted on hedging, no studies have been conducted on weather forecasts to see how and why hedges are used. It is for these reasons that the author decided to conduct a research entitled “Hedging in representatives in English and Vietnamese weather forecasts”. The results can fill in the gap of the existing literature and make a contribution to the understanding of hedging in weather forecasts.
Aims and Objectives of the Study 1. Aims of the Study This study aims to identify and analyze hedging devices and their functions used in representatives in English and Vietnamese weather forecasts. Moreover, it aims to find out the similarities and differences in hedging in representatives in English and Vietnamese weather forecasts. Objectives of the Study To achieve the aims, the objectives of this study are: 1.
to examine hedging devices applied in representatives in English and Vietnamese weather forecasts. to analyze the functions of such hedging devices. to compare and contrast hedging in representatives in English and Vietnamese weather forecasts. Research Questions In accordance with the background of the study, the main problem of this research is related to hedging in representatives in English and Vietnamese weather forecasts.
Thus, the research questions are: 1. What hedging devices are used in English and Vietnamese weather forecasts ? 3 2. What are the functions of the hedging devices? 3. What are the similarities and differences in the use of hedging in representatives in English and Vietnamese weather forecasts? 1.
Scope of the Study Searle (1979:12-20) classifies the illocutionary acts into Directive, Expressive, Declarative, Commissive and Representative speech acts. In this study, the researcher limits to the representative speech acts because they are one of the most important things for people to share the knowledge with others. Particularly, the study is limited to the hedges used in representatives in English and Vietnamese weather forecasts. Significance of the Study The study is hoped to bring out some theoretical and practical contributions.
Theoretically, this study is expected to be useful to enrich the previous studies in hedging in representatives. This research is also expected to be beneficial for referent or comparison for the next study. So, it will give the next researchers some ideas to improve research on hedging in representatives. Practically, it is expected to be beneficial for linguistics students to know about hedging in representatives especially in weather forecasts.
Moreover, this research may be helpful for citizens and authorities so that they can prevent possible risks which the weather causes.