i VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HOCHIMINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS AND APPLYING CONTRASTIVE RHETORIC IN TEACHING TOEFL iBT ESSAY WRITING TO VIETNAMESE STUDENTS Submitted to the Department of English Linguistics & Literature in partial fulfillment of the Master’s degree in TESOL By HUYNH PHONG NHUAN Supervised by: DANG VAN HUNG, Ph. HO CHI MINH CITY, AUGUST 2011 ii CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY OF MASTERS’ THESIS I certify my authorship of the Master’s Thesis submitted today entitled Applying Contrastive Rhetoric in Teaching TOEFL iBT Essay Writing to Vietnamese Students In terms of the Statement of requirements for Theses in Masters’ programs issued by the Higher Degree Committee of the Department of English Linguistics and Literature, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University of Ho Chi Minh City. HCMC, August 2011 HUYNH PHONG NHUAN iii RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that, I, HUYNH PHONG NHUAN, being a candidate for the degree of Master of Arts (TESOL) accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master’s Thesis deposited in the Library. In terms of these conditions, I agree to the original of my thesis being deposited in the Library to be accessible for the purpose of study and research, in accordance with the normal condition established by the Librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of theses.
HCMC, June, 2011 Signature HUYNH PHONG NHUAN iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Dang Van Hung, for his enormous help and his prolific suggestions, and for keeping me focused on my research. This thesis would have never been possible without him. I also want to express my sincere thanks to Dr.
Ho Thanh My Phuong and Than Trong Minh for their kind support and advice on many aspects of my study. I am deeply indebted to my colleagues at my workplace. Without their suggestions, support and kindness, I would never have been able to pursue this work to the end. I also want to thank the students who were very responsive to the survey questionnaires.
My sincere gratitude also goes to all of the professors who devotedly taught me during my postgraduate studies at the USSH. In addition, I want to say thank- you to all of my classmates, who have inspired and encouraged me during the study process and compilation of this thesis. Another English teacher to whom I want to show my gratitude is Ms. She has done me a great favor by reading and editing the language used in this thesis.
Finally, I want to express my profound appreciation of my beloved for her support with finance, data entry, as well as her encouragement, understanding, and patience especially during the hard times of this study. v ABSTRACT This thesis is a study of contrastive rhetoric which explores the influence of Vietnamese culture on the writing of Vietnamese learners of English. The study aims to raise awareness of the usefulness of contrastive rhetoric theory in teaching and learning English writing. Its goals are set to find out (1) teachers’ and students’ attitudes to problems in writing argumentative essays, (2) the quality of students’ writing after applying the concept of contrastive rhetoric, and (3) recommendations for future applications.
As for the framework of analysis, the study examines the textual patterning of more than 2000 essays by Vietnamese students who were enrolled in TOEFL iBT training programs at one foreign language center. In addition, it also utilizes various other research tools such as interviews, surveys, and observations to attain its goals. There are more than 200 students and teachers involved in the survey, of whom about 10 teachers presented their viewpoints in interviews. Furthermore, data collected from the observation of actual class activities also contribute to the analysis in this thesis.
The study revealed that the awareness of contrastive rhetoric is rather high in the English teaching and learning community in the Center; however, in some aspects, the approaches to address the cultural issues in English writing do not seem to be critical enough. The common trends in learning and teaching English writing more often lean towards grammar-translation orientation to create beautiful language rather than developing a persuasive language for argumentative requirements used in TOEFL iBT classes. The study, thus, aims to establish a useful framework in order to make use of contrastive rhetoric to enhance students’ writing skill for the academic environment in the future. vi LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES List of Tables Table 2.1: Effective Writing in English and Chinese for Academic Contexts .1: Implied Purposes from the Student Questionnaires .2: Implied Purposes from the Teacher Questionnaires .3: Implied Contents of the Interview Questions.1: Percentage of Use of Transition Words .1: Results from the Interviews .2: Class activities under Observations.
75 List of Figures Figure 2.1: Source: Kaplan (1966, 15) Cultural Thought Patterns .1: Positions in an Essay to Show the Main Idea .2: Attitude of Directness .3: Where to State an Opinion: Comparison of Directness in Students at Different Levels .4: How to State an Opinion: Comparison of Directness in Students at Different Levels .5: Students’ Concern(s) over a Well‐Written Essay .6: Students’ Concern(s) over a Well‐Written Essay at Different Levels.7: Students’ Ways of Expressing Ideas .8: The Most Important Feature in an Essay .bis: Students’ Concern(s) about Features in an Essay .9: Sources of Help for Writing .10: Whether a Good Vietnamese Writer Would Be a Good English Student Writer .11: Teachers’ Concern(s) about Teaching Writing .12: How to State an Opinion .14: Percentage of Use of Transition Words between the two Groups.15: Percentage of Use of Transition Words by Student’s Levels compared to the Test Group .16: Number of Paragraphs per Essay .17: Average Number of Paragraphs per Independent Essay .18: Average Word Number per Independent Essay .19: Directness Shown by Using Common Expressions. 67 viii CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY OF MASTERS’ THESIS. ii RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS. v LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES .1 Background of the Study .2 Aims and Objectives .3 Research Questions and Hypothesis .4 The professional significance of the study .5 An Overview of the Methodology .6 The Delimitations and Limitations of the Study .7 Definitions of Key Terms .1 Contrastive rhetoric theory .2 Some typical issues of Vietnamese learners of English writing .3 TOEFL iBT writing criteria .4 Special studies of written texts by TOEFL iBT researchers.1 The General Perspective .2 The Research Context .3 The Research Participants .4 Instruments Used in Data Collection.1 Questionnaires ‐ The statistics .2 Discussion of Results .1 The Results with Reference to the Literature .2 The Results and the Application of Contrastive Rhetoric .1 Summary of Findings .1 Review of the problem statements.1 Suggestion for a lesson plan.2 Suggestions for Additional Investigation.
102 APPLYING CONTRASTIVE RHETORIC 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This thesis is a study of how to improve English writing skill by researching the influence of cultural differences on the way to compose an academic English text. The research was based primarily upon direct observation by the researcher, an EFL teacher, who used some means of experiential and experimental approaches to the teaching of English writing. In the first chapter of this thesis, the researcher presents the factors that may affect this study, specifies the main theme of the study which reaches all aspects of the study, describes its significance in some extent, and briefly summarizes the methodology used in the study. The chapter concludes by giving some points about the delimitations of the study and the definitions of some special terms used in this paper.1 Background of the Study This thesis is in response to the societal demand of English writing which can be seen by the fact that many English centers are offering training programs for academic writing.
English learners in Vietnam no longer seem to be satisfied with improving their listening and speaking skills only these days; they also aim to master English writing skills. This holds true for young students who want to get an advantage to study abroad, and office workers who desire to know how to write English effectively for business purposes. In contrast with the long-held belief that Vietnamese students are usually good at reading and writing compared to listening and speaking, the outcomes of some pretests conducted by the author himself show that their ability in academic writing falls far short of the requirements. Ironically, English-writing students do not seem to believe in their shortcomings CHAPTER 1 ‐ INTRODUCTION APPLYING CONTRASTIVE RHETORIC 2 until they have the problems pointed to them.
Because there are many obstacles that prevent the learners from achieving their goals, finding the causes that hinder their achievement is a critical need, and it is also the inspiration for this thesis. Thanks to the fact that there are so many training classes for TOEFL iBT and IELTS examinations these days, Vietnamese learners of English have more chances to practice writing to meet the requirements of these examinations; on the other hand, the teachers responsible for these training courses also have more chances to understand more about academic writing skill, beside linguistic knowledge, to help their students perform their tasks successfully. Based on the current situation, this thesis focuses on finding a way to assist students master the writing skills needed to meet the demands of TOEFL iBT exams. Therefore, the research concentrated on teachers and students who have been involved with the TOEFL iBT programs for some time to make the research become more practical.
It might be useful at this juncture to briefly describe the widespread development of the TOEFL iBT program and its academic requirements for writing on which this thesis is based. First, at this moment, there are more than 7,500 colleges, agencies and other institutions in over 130 countries that accept TOEFL scores. The candidates can take the test rather easily in one of the 4,500 test centers located in 165 countries, including Vietnam1. Furthermore, the test uses the Internet link to receive the tasks from the test-takers through computer systems, so it is rather suitable to the test-takers’ convenience.
Because of its current popularity all over the world these days, the TOEFL iBT may be a good choice for the learners of English who want to get some achievements such as studying at a higher education institution, getting admissions to English language learning program, applying for scholarships and certification candidates, tracking their progress in English-learning, and applying for visas. Beside speaking, listening, and reading skills, academic writing skill is a critical requirement for the TOEFL iBT test. In order to test the candidates’ writing ability, the TOEFL iBT writing section asks the test-takers to perform two tasks related to an academic 1 According to Educational Testing Service (ETS), 2010. CHAPTER 1 ‐ INTRODUCTION APPLYING CONTRASTIVE RHETORIC 3 environment.
The first task is a 200-word integrated essay to be completed in 20 minutes in which the test-taker has to show that they know how to write a research report by combining the facts from a text and a lecture which are on the same topic. The second is a 300-word independent essay to be completed in 30 minutes in which the test-taker has to present an argument on a given real-life topic. Therefore, English writing, especially academic writing, is now in demand among many Vietnamese learners of English. Vietnamese students may think that writing is not too difficult at first when they begin to study how to write English compositions; however, over time, they realize that they make more mistakes in writing than they expected they would, such as comma splices or run-on sentences, and it is rather hard for them to overcome the cemented errors.
Also, after a long time of studying English, the learners start to recognize that there is something else that they need to study more than just grammar.