VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY ----------o0o---------- LÊ GIANG TRÚC ANH EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF NITROGEN LOAD ON THE GREEN ROOF SYSTEM IN IMPROVING WASTEWATER QUALITY AND INCREASING URBAN GREEN AREA Major: Natural Resources and Environmental Management Major code: 8850101 MASTER’S THESIS HO CHI MINH CITY, July 2024 THIS THESIS IS COMPLETED AT HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU-HCM Supervisor: Assoc. Bùi Xuân Thành Examiner 1: Dr. Võ Thị Diệu Hiền Examiner 2: Assoc. Phạm Thanh Lưu This master’s thesis is defended at HCM City University of Technology, VNU- HCM City on 30/07/2024.
Master’s Thesis Committee: 1. Hà Quang Khải - Chairman 2. Đào Thanh Sơn - Member 3. Võ Thị Diệu Hiền - Reviewer 1 4.
Phạm Thanh Lưu - Reviewer 2 5. Ngô Thị Ngọc Lan Thảo - Secretary Approval of the Chair of Master’s Thesis Committee and Dean of Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources after the thesis being corrected. CHAIR OF THESIS COMMITTEE DEAN OF FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES Dr. Hà Quang Khải VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Independence – Freedom - Happiness THE TASK SHEET OF MASTER’S THESIS Full name: Lê Giang Trúc Anh Student ID: 2270306 Date of birth: 11/02/1997 Place of birth: Bình Thuận Major: Natural Resources and Environmental Management Major ID: 8850101 I.
THESIS TITLE (In Vietnamese): Đánh giá ảnh hưởng của tải trọng Nitơ đến hệ thống mái xanh (Green roof) trong việc cải thiện chất lượng nước thải và gia tăng mảng xanh đô thị. THESIS TITLE (In English): Evaluate the impact of nitrogen load on the green roof system in improving wastewater quality and increasing urban green area. TASKS AND CONTENTS: The study aims to evaluate the pollutant removal efficiency of the Green Roof system (GRs) at different Nitrogen Loading Rate (NLR), through two main contents: − Evaluate the pollutant removal efficiency of the GRs: appropriate parameters were analyzed such as growth’s plants, water quality. There were two different plants selected for this study as Vernonia elliptica and Portulaca grandiflora operated under different NLR.
− Evaluate the effectiveness of GRs in increasing urban green areas IV. THESIS START DAY: 01/12/2023 V. THESIS COMPLETION DAY: 01/06/2024 VI. Bùi Xuân Thành Ho Chi Minh City, September 2024 SUPERVISOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT Assoc.
Bùi Xuân Thành Assoc. Đào Thanh Sơn DEAN OF FACULTY OF OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is always a pleasure to remind the fine people in the Bach Khoa University for their sincere guidance. I received to uphold my practical as well as management skills in Environmental subjects. First of all, thanks to Assoc.
Bui Xuan Thanh, (Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources) for giving me the opportunity to undergo practical training. They also give me their guidance and support. Thanks also to Ms. Vo Thi Kim Quyen and Mr.
Tran Cong Sac as a person in charge of my Thesis guidance which has helped to manage matters related to this report. A paper is not enough for me too express the support and guidance I received from them almost for all the work I did there. Finally, I would like to give a big thanks to my teammate during 6 months of doing thesis. I apologize all other unnamed who helped me in various ways to have a good paper.
i ABSTRACT The environmental challenges in cities urge people to explore feasible strategies for resilient, sustainable, healthy and livable built environments, of which designing and building green roof (GR) is an important approach. GR system (GRs) is a horizontal surface flow constructed wetlands contains charcoal and oyster shell as main sediment layer. The methodological structure used of model operation GR technology on top of Centre Asiatique de Recherche sur l’Eau (CARE) in Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh city (HCMC) which was planted with Vernonia elliptica and Portuclaca grandiflora. This study evaluated domestic wastewater at nitrogen loading rate NLR = 15 and 20 kgN/ha/day, GR system achieved removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD: 0,74 ± 0,42 and 0,92 ± 0,7 kgCOD/ha.day, respectively), total nitrogen (TN: 12,5 ± 6,3 and 10 ± 4 kgN/ha.day, respectively; TN removal efficiencies ability of the full-process model is very high at 96-97%) and total phosphorus (TP: 0.day, respectively) combined analyses other parameters like ammonia (N-NH4+), nitrate (N-NO− − 3 ), nitrite (N-NO2 ), pH, turbidity, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total suspended solid (TSS) which qualified for column B of QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT.
The results show that the best plant is Vernonia elliptica was the suitable plant treating domestic wastewater for the conditions of GRs, NLR = 20 kgN/ha.day is better than the NLR = 15 kgN/ha/day. The system also demonstrates the possibility of developing green area distribution in Ho Chi Minh City according to the city’s density. ii TÓM TẮT Những thách thức về môi trường ở các thành phố lớn thúc đẩy việc tìm kiếm những chiến lược khả thi để xây dựng và phát triển một cách bền vững, lành mạnh và đáng sống. Trong đó, thiết kế và xây dựng mái nhà xanh – Green roof (GR) là một cách tiếp cận quan trọng.
Mô hình GR là một giải pháp hiệu quả cao mà không tốn quá nhiều chi phí vận hành và lắp đặt. Nghiên cứu khả năng xử lý COD, N và P của 02 loại thực vật (Cúc Tần Ấn Độ và Hoa Mười Giờ) đối với nước thải sinh hoạt và khả năng thích nghi của chúng với điều kiện vận hành GR. Nghiên cứu hiệu quả xử lý nước thải của thực vật đã chọn ứng với 02 tải trọng Nitơ (NLR) khác nhau. Hệ thống GR dạng mái bằng dòng chảy mặt hướng ngang với thực vật là Cúc Tần Ấn Độ có khả năng xử lý nước thải tốt hơn Hoa Mười Giờ.
Hệ thống GR đạt hiệu quả loại bỏ ở 2 tải lượng NLR = 15 và 20 kgN/ha/day lần lượt ở các chỉ tiêu: COD = 0,74 ± 0,42 và 0,92 ± 0,7 kgCOD/ha.ngày; tổng nitơ TN = 12,5 ± 6,3 và 10 ± 4 kgN/ha.ngày, (khả năng loại bỏ TN của mô hình toàn quy trình rất cao ở mức 96-97%) và tổng phốt pho TP = 0,07 ± 0,03 và 0,08 ± 0,07 kgP/ha. Kết hợp phân tích các thông số khác như ammonia (N-NH4+), nitrate (N-NO− − 3 ), nitrite (N-NO2 ), pH, độ đục, tổng nitơ Kjeldahl (TKN), tổng chất rắn lơ lửng (TSS) theo tiêu chuẩn cho cột B, QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT. Kết quả cho thấy cây Cúc Tần Ấn Độ là cây thích hợp hơn để xử lý nước thải sinh hoạt trong điều kiện GR và NLR = 20 kgN/ha.ngày cho hiệu quả xử lý tốt hơn NLR = 15 kgN/ha/ngày. Hệ thống cũng chứng minh khả năng tạo mảng xanh đô thị, từ đó giúp giảm thiểu được một phần hiệu ứng nhà kính đang gặp hiện nay.
iii DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that this thesis was carried out by myself under the guidance and supervision of Assoc. Bui Xuan Thanh; and that the work contained and the results in it are true by author and have not violated research ethics. The data and figures presented in this thesis are for analysis, comments, and evaluations from various resources by my own work and have been duly acknowledged in the reference part. In addition, other comments, reviews and data used by other authors, and organizations have been acknowledged, and explicitly cited.
I will take full responsibility for any fraud detected in my thesis. Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology is unrelated to any copyright infringement caused on my work (if any). Ho Chi Minh City, 2024. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .iii DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP.
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS. v LIST OF TABLES. vii LIST OF FIGURES .viii LIST OF ABBREVIATION. Significance of the research.
Reseach objectives and Contents. Urban heat islands (UHI) in Ho Chi Minh City. Domestic wastewater overview. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment.
Green roof system. Vegetation of the GRs. Types of GRs. Benefits of GRs:.
Research about CWs and GRs. Experimental set-up. Nutrients in plants. 33 Method of sample digestion (10TCN 450:2001).
33 - Using H2SO4 and H2O2 decompose a sample and determine Phosphorus. Other analytical method. 36 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS. Evaluate the pollutant removal efficiency of the GRs under different NLR.
The growth of Vernonia elliptica and Portulaca grandiflora over time. The treatment efficiency of nutrients and organic matter of GRs. The effectiveness in increasing urban green areas. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.
74 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Maximum Allowable Values for Domestic Wastewater Parameters. Design, operation, and maintenance of CWs (Ikrema Hassan et al. Advantages and Disadvantages of CWs.
General features of GRs. Advantages of GRs. Design parameters of GRs. Weight of material layers in experimental module per one component of the GRs.
Characteristics of domestic wastewater. Selected plant’s actual parameters. Calibration curve set up. Methods for analyzing water quality.
Temperature variation during NLR (Unit: oC). SWOT analysis for expanding GRs. Cost - Benefits for using domestic wastewater operated GRs. General statistics of new urban areas in HCMC.
Assume that apply GRs to Northwestern urban area HCMC household 65 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. Classification of CWs for wastewater treatment (Vymazal, 2007). Schematic layout of (A) FWS CWs; (B) HSSF CWs; (C) VSSF CWs. Green roof system’s history (Alia et al.
Components of GRs (Shafique et al. Types of Green roof: (A) Extensive; (B) Semi-intensive and (C) Intensive. Contents of the research. Schematic layout of lab-scale GRs.
Plants used: (A) Vernonia elliptica; (B) Portulaca grandiflora. (A) The survival rate of Vernonia elliptica and Potulaca grandiflora of GR_15 and (B) The survival rate of Vernonia elliptica and Potulaca grandiflora of GR_20. (A) Growth in length of Vernonia elliptica and Portulaca grandiflora during operational period of GR_15 and (B) Growth in length of Vernonia elliptica and Portulaca grandiflora during operational period of GR_20. pH value at different NLR.
Variation of TSS value in GR_15 and GR_20. COD concentrations at different NLR. COD’s removal rate of GRs. Pollutants concentrations at different NLR.
Removal rate NH4 + in different NLR. TN Removal rate in different NLR. TP concentration in different NLR over time. Removal rate Photphorus of GRs.
Temperature variation during NLR. 55 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATION BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CARE Centre Asiatique de Recherche sur l’Eau COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CW Constructed Wetlands FWS Free-water surface flow GRs Green Roof system HSSF Horizontal Subsurface flow Constructed Wetland HCMC Ho Chi Minh City LCA Life Cycle Assessment NLR Nitrogen Loading Rate ORL Organic Loading Rate SF Surface flow TKN Total Kjeldahl nitrogen TP Total phosphorus TN Total Nitrogen TSS Total suspended solids UHI Urban Heat Island VSSF Vertical Subsurface flow Constructed Wetlands WWTPs Wastewater Treatment Plants ix CHAPTER 1. Significance of the research In recent years, the weather tended to become more and more extreme, as shown by new monitoring data records. In Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), one of two largest cities in Vietnam, recently there have been record hot days reaching more than 40˚C and even nearly 50˚C.
Air pollution in big cities causes greenhouse effects from industrial parks and transportation. Along with air pollution, the area of green buildings is increasingly shrinking. These green buildings are considered an effective solution to the greenhouse effect and are no longer effective.