THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES NGUYEN THI THANH THANH PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES IN ENGLISH POLITICAL SPEECHES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS DOCTORAL THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES DANANG - 2023 THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES NGUYEN THI THANH THANH PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES IN ENGLISH POLITICAL SPEECHES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Major: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code: 9220201 DOCTORAL THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES DANANG - 2023 i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the dissertation. This dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any degree of diploma in any other tertiary institution. Da Nang, June, 2023 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I am greatly indebted to my supervisors for their continuous support and conscientious supervision. I wish to express my deep gratitude to Dr.
Ngũ Thiện Hùng and Dr. Lê Thị Giao Chi for their kindness of giving me useful feedback, constant encouragement to help me to conquer every demanding stage of the doctoral research. Thus, my supervisors fire up my confidence, determination in accomplishing the thesis. I owe my sincere thanks to Assoc.
Trần Hữu Phúc, Assoc. Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh Hoa, Assoc. Lưu Quý Khương, Assoc. Trần Văn Phước, Assoc.
Nguyễn Tất Thắng, Assoc. Nguyễn Quang Ngoạn, Dr. Võ Thị Kim Anh, and Dr. Huỳnh Ngọc Mai Kha for their precious comments and encouragement throughout my process of writing the paper.
I would like to thank the Department of Academic Affairs, University of Foreign Language Studies for their support and facilitation with the paperwork pertaining to this doctoral thesis. Last but not least, I am very grateful to my family: my parents, my brother and sister-in law, my three children and my husband. Especially, this dissertation could not have been completed without the immense support of my husband, who has always been encouraging me to achieve dissertation goals. iii ABSTRACT Politics is a process of seeking group decisions by the distribution of power and resources in order to put certain political, economic and social ideas into practice (Bayram, 2010).
It is hardly imagined that almost every political action is prepared, accompanied, influenced and accomplished without the utilization of persuasive strategies. The study on Persuasive Strategies in English Political Speeches from the Perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis attempts to build up a comprehensive picture of persuasion strategies in political discourse, especially contrasting political stands of the two presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump during their 2016 Presidential campaign. Methodologically, the study was designed as a descriptive comparative study using qualitative method since the collected data was targeted to yield information about the syntactic linguistic units in the form of sentences, phrases, clauses and words. These were classified into their syntactic categories along with their semantic functions, adopting Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) model (1995, 2010), Halliday’s Textual Analysis in Systemic Functional Grammar (2004, 2014) as the grounding theories, assisted by rhetoric theory by Aristotle (1984) to unearth the persuasive strategies employed by Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump in their presidential election speeches.
Accordingly, thanks to the contrastive analysis of the persuasive strategies and the metafunctions utilized by the two politicians in 35 speeches, the thesis discovered that both politicians presented their different political stands and ideologies over various issues. Although Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump deeply reflected their tremendous love, patriotism and loyalty for their nation through their presidential election speeches, they mostly showed their disagreement on quite a large number of aspects manifested in six conflicting ideologies. The current situation of the American society was, therefore, also concurrently portrayed through the thesis findings. The dissertation, as briefly described above, is hoped to entail significant contribution to research on both language and discourse concerning persuasive strategies.
iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Adm : Admiration Aff : Affect App : Appreciation An : Anger Cal : Calmness CDA : Critical Discourse Analysis Conf : Confidence En : Envy Enth : Enthymeme E. : Example Fe : Fear Fr : Friendship Gw : Goodwill Ha : Hatred Jud : Judgment PIn : Perceived intelligence SFG : Systemic Functional Grammar VCh : Virtuous character v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. Fairclough’s framework for analyzing a communicative event. Applying Fairclough (1995, 2010)’s three-layered model to the research.
Main structure of the appraisal framework, adapted from Martin and White (2005). The sub-systems of Attitude Appraisal Martin and Rose (2007). Features of persuasion (Simon, 2001). Theoretical Framework of the Thesis.
Conceptual Framework of the Thesis. A snapshot of Research Randomizer Software. Ideational function in Hillary Clinton’s Ethos. Analysis of material process in Hillary Clinton’s Ethos.
Analysis of material process in Hillary Clinton’s Ethos. Analysis of mental process in Hillary Clinton’s Ethos. Analysis of mental process in Hillary Clinton’s Ethos. Analysis of relational process in Hillary Clinton’s Ethos.
Topical theme of behavior in Hillary Clinton’s Ethos. Topical theme of circumstance in Hillary Clinton’s Ethos. Topical theme of time in Hillary Clinton’s Ethos. Interpersonal theme - Vocatives in Hillary Clinton’s Ethos.
Ideational function in Hillary Clinton’s Logos. Analysis of material process in Hillary Clinton’s Logos. Analysis of material process in Hillary Clinton’s Logos. Analysis of mental process in Clinton’s Logos.
Analysis of relational process in Clinton’s Logos. Interpersonal theme – Finite. Interpersonal theme – Mood adjuncts in Hillary Clinton’s Logos. Vocatives in Hillary Clinton’s Logos.
Ideational function in Hillary Clinton’s Pathos. Analysis of material process in Hillary Clinton’s Pathos. Analysis of mental process in Hillary Clinton’s Pathos. Analysis of relational process in Hillary Clinton’s Pathos.
Topical theme of behavior in Hillary Clinton’s Pathos. Topical theme of circumstance in Hillary Clinton’s Pathos. Topical theme of time in Hillary Clinton’s Pathos. Vocatives in Hillary Clinton’s Pathos.
Ideational Function in Donald Trump’s Ethos. Analysis of material process in Donald Trump’s Ethos. Analysis of material process in Donald Trump’s Ethos. Analysis of mental process in Donald Trump’s Ethos.
Analysis of relational process in Donald Trump’s Ethos. Topical theme of behavior in Donald Trump’s Ethos. Topical theme of circumstance in Donald Trump’s Ethos. Topical theme of time in Donald Trump’s Ethos.
Interpersonal theme - Vocatives in Donald Trump’s Ethos. Ideational function in Donald Trump’s Logos. Analysis of material processes in Donald Trump’s Logos. Analysis of mental process in Donald Trump’s Logos.
Analysis of mental process in Donald Trump’s Logos. Analysis of relational process in Donald Trump’s Logos. Analysis of relational process in Donald Trump’s Logos. Topical theme of circumstance in Donald Trump’s Logos.
Topical theme of time in Donald Trump’s Logos. Ideational function in Donald Trump’s Pathos. Analysis of material process in Donald Trump’s Pathos. Analysis of mental process in Donald Trump’s Pathos.
Analysis of mental process in Donald Trump’s Pathos. Analysis of mental process in Donald Trump’s Pathos. Analysis of mental process in Donald Trump’s Pathos. Topical theme of circumstance in Donald Trump’s Pathos.
Topical theme of time in Donald Trump’s Pathos. Ethos’s features in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s political speeches. Modality in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Ethos. Ideational function in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Ethos.
Topical theme of behavior in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Ethos. Topical theme of time in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Ethos. Topical theme of circumstance in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump ’s Ethos. Interpersonal theme - Vocatives in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Ethos.
Logos’s features in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s political speeches. Modality in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Logos. Ideational function in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Logos 206 Figure 6. Interpersonal theme – Finite in Hillary Clinton’s Logos.
Interpersonal theme – Finite in Donald Trump’s Logos. Vocatives in Hillary Clinton’s Logos. Pathos in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s political speeches. Modality in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Pathos.
Ideational function in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Pathos213 Figure 6. Topical theme of circumstance in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Pathos. Topical theme of time in Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump’s Pathos. Vocatives in Hillary Clinton’s Pathos.
Voters’ views on Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump according to CBS NEWS’s poll .232 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 4. Ethos in Hillary Clinton’s political speeches. Modality in Hillary Clinton’s Ethos. Positive Affect in Hillary Clinton’s Ethos.
Negative Affect in Hillary Clinton’s Ethos. Judgement in Hillary Clinton’s Ethos. Appreciation in Hillary Clinton’s Ethos. Logos in Hillary Clinton’s political speeches.
Modality in Hillary Clinton’s Logos. Positive Affect in Hillary Clinton’s Logos. Negative Affect in Hillary Clinton’s Logos. Judgement in Hillary Clinton’s Logos.
Appreciation in Hillary Clinton’s Logos. Pathos in Hillary Clinton’s political speeches. Modality in Hillary Clinton’s Pathos. Positive Affect in Hillary Clinton’s Pathos.
Negative Affect in Hillary Clinton’s Pathos. Judgement in Hillary Clinton’s Pathos. Appreciation in Hillary Clinton’s Pathos. Ethos in Donald Trump’s political speeches.
Modality in Donald Trump’s Ethos. Positive Affect in Donald Trump’s Ethos. Negative Affect Donald Trump’s Ethos. Judgement in Donald Trump’s Ethos.
Appreciation in Donald Trump’s Ethos. Logos in Donald Trump’s political speeches. Distribution of modality in Donald Trump’s Logos. Positive Affect in Donald Trump’s Logos.
The summary of negative Affect in Donald Trump’s Logos. Judgement in Donald Trump’s Logos. Appreciation in Donald Trump’s Logos. Pathos in Donald Trump’s political speeches.
Modality in Donald Trump’s Pathos. Positive Affect in Donald Trump’s Pathos. Negative Affect in Donald Trump’s Pathos. Judgement in Donald Trump’s Pathos.
Appreciation in Donald Trump’s Pathos. Persuasive strategies employed in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s political speeches. Modality in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Ethos. Affect in Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton’s Ethos.
Judgement Appraisal in the Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton’s Ethos. Appreciation Appraisal in Donald Trump’s and Hillary Clinton’s Ethos. Modality in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Logos. Affect in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Logos.
Judgement in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Logos. Appreciation in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Logos. Modality in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Pathos. Affect in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Pathos.
Judgement in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Pathos. Appreciation in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Pathos. Error! Bookmark not defined. Positioning Text production in the Communicative Context – Interpretation Stage.
Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Promises on the Economy. Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Promises on Terrorism. Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Promises on Military. Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Promises on Immigration.
Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Promises on Healthcare. Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Promises on Gun Policy. Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s Promises on Education. Ideology dichotomy as presented in Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s persuasive strategies .242 xi TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP.
iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. iv LIST OF FIGURES .v LIST OF TABLES. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS. Aims and Objectives of the Study.
Scope of the Study. Key Terms of the Study. Organization of the Thesis. Critical Discourse Analysis.
Discourse Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis. Critical Discourse Analysis – a Research Approach. Critical Discourse Analysis and Systemic Functional Grammar. Persuasion as a Political Concept.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY. Reliability and Validity. PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES IN HILLARY CLINTON'S POLITICAL SPEECHES. Ethos in Hillary Clinton’s Political Speeches.
Ideational Function: Distribution and Functions of Transitivity Processes. Textual Function: Theme and Rheme. Logos in Hillary Clinton’s Political Speeches .