VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS Faculty of Finance and Banking GRADUATION THESIS INSIGHTS FROM INTERNATIONAL BANKING INDUSTRY SUPERVISOR : MSc. Luu Hanh Nguyen STUDENT : Nguyen Thi Mai Trang CLASS : QH2019E TCNH CLC 2 Hanoi, 2023 ACKNOWLEDGE I would like to express my sincere thanks to the lecturers of the Faculty of Finance and Banking for their enthusiastic teaching and guidance over the past time. Sincere thanks to the Board of Directors of the University of Economics and Business - Vietnam National University. I would like to express my heartfelt and most sincere gratitude to MSc.
Luu Hanh Nguyen for guiding and supporting me throughout the process of making this thesis. Her suggestions are crucial directions to assist me in completing this thesis. Although many efforts have been made to do the research in the most comprehensive way, the limitations of knowledge and experience unavoidably lead to certain shortcomings. To finish my thesis, I hope to gain more valuable and constructive comments from lecturers.
Ha Noi, April 20, 2023 Author Nguyen Thi Mai Trang DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own research and has not been published in any other research work. The use of results, quoting other people's documents ensures compliance with regulations. The contents of citations and references to documents, books, and information are published in works, journals and websites according to the list of references of the thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGE 20075.
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Additional Analysis: Decomposition analySis .---- 5 Sàn ri, 32 Table 4. Additional Analysis: Country income level .--ó- 5 s11 HH HH He, 34 LIST OF ABBREVIATION Abbreviations Meanings ESG Environment, Social, Governance CSR Corporate Social Responsibility HSBC Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited Abstract This paper investigates the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance on liquidity risk. This research uses fixed-effect model set comprised of 740 banks in 70 countries from 2003 to 2022, I show that higher ESG scores are likely to reduce liquidity risk. Banks that prioritize ESG scores are more likely to have a stronger risk management framework in place, which can help mitigate potential liquidity risks.
To strengthen the reliability of the results, this study adopted robustness tests to alternative variable definitions and address endogeneity concerns and found consistent results. Our finding also all ESG dimensions reduce liquidity risk. Furthermore, the empirical evidence indicates that only banks located in advanced economies reap the benefits of increased ESG scores in terms of reduced risk. This paper suggests that policymakers and regulators need to design and implement frameworks and incentive banks to embrace sustainable finance best practices.
Keywords: ESG scores; Liquidity risk; Fixed-Effect model; Advance economies.1 Urgency of the topic With the growing global population and the rising climate change risk, the world is currently facing a number of environmental and social issues. To address these concerns, strategies and initiatives related to corporate sustainability are important for businesses today, particularly those whose success is more likely to depend on their sustainability initiatives and practices (Naeem et al. In recent years, the concept of Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) is gradually become familiar to the public in practice and academics used to evaluate sustainability and ethics. Furthermore, ESG has grown increasingly important in the context of sustainable economies, as more investors, companies, and governments realize the need to address environmental and social issues in order to create a more sustainable future.
In June 2004, the United Nations Global Compact introduced the idea of ESG and urged businesses to take into account success in these areas while focusing on their core business objectives (Drempetic et al. Performance ESG metrics are considered as a crucial element that represents a company's capacity to create value and carry out successful business initiatives. ESG scores offer a tool to evaluate the opportunities and hazards for businesses in specific fields through ESG scores. Comparing ESG scores enables measuring a firm against competitors in the same industry or sector and helps companies identify areas where they may strengthen their sustainability and ethical standards.
Specifically, investors, managers, and other stakeholders can assess and evaluate company performance based on ESG reports and ratings (Li et al. ESG could have an impact on future performance and enterprise value, including those that are strategic, operational, reputational, regulatory, and financial (Ng and Rezaee, 2015). Previous evidence support that higher ESG scores are linked with better profitability (Gangi et al., 2019), less individual risk-taking (Neitzert and Petras, 2022), and increased satisfaction of both customers and employees (Servaes and Tamayo, 2013). On the other hand, banks have a significant role to play in promoting ESG practices, both through their own operations and through the financing and investment decisions they make on behalf of their clients.
First, banks may encourage ESG practices in their own operations by putting into practice eco-friendly strategies including lowering their carbon footprint, cutting back on waste production, and switching to renewable energy sources. 7 Second, by providing them with loans, grants, and other financial incentives to apply ESG measures, banks can encourage their customers to embrace sustainable practices. Therefore, banks can greatly contribute to sustainable activities and future societal demands by directing financial flows to sustainable operations (UNEP, 2022). Many banks are now focusing on ESG factors as part of their commitment to promoting a sustainable economy.
Some banks have also developed specific ESG-related products and services, such as green bonds, sustainability-linked loans, and impact investing funds, to help their clients meet their own ESG goals. For example, Bank of America, HSBC, and JPMorgan Chase, have started green bond programs to finance environmentally friendly projects including renewable energy and sustainable infrastructure. Meanwhile, Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, have formed impact investing funds that focus on issues as sustainable agriculture, climate change. Therefore, banks are also taking steps to reduce their own environmental impact by adopting sustainable practices in their operations.
By promoting sustainable finance and investing, banks can support environmentally and socially responsible businesses while mitigating potential risks. Through using ESG criteria in their risk assessment and management process to help identify potential risks and take measures to mitigate them. On the other hand, Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) collapsed in March 2023 because of without not having efficient liquidity risk management and the capability to anticipate unfavorable market fluctuations while experiencing rapid growth in short-term finance. Therefore, risk management is critical to the success of banks, as it helps to identify potential threats and minimize the impact of unexpected events.
Each bank adopts different risk management strategies that are measured by market risk, operational risk, credit risk, and liquidity risk (Permatasari, 2020). Moreover, as demonstrated by Diamond and Dybvig (1983), banks face enormous risk while creating liquidity, despite is fundamental function of banks. The liquidity risk played a significant role in the 2007-2008 global financial crisis, which led to the bankruptcy of several banks and financial institutions. During the crisis, many banks had invested heavily in mortgage-backed securities and other complex financial instruments, which were difficult to value and sell in the market.
As investors became increasingly concerned about the ability of banks to meet their obligations, they began to withdraw their funds, creating a liquidity crisis. Besides, banks with higher liquidity risk had weaker stock performance, significantly reduced loan production, and higher interest rates on deposits (Beltrati and Stul., 2012; Bai et al. 8 Hence, ESG considerations are becoming increasingly important for banks' risk management strategies (Li et al. By incorporating ESG into their risk management frameworks, banks can better identify and mitigate potential risks, furthermore, make use of new chances to apply sustainability and ethical business practices (Atif and Ali, 2021).
Additionally, ESG factors can lower credit risk by providing additional information about borrowers’ creditworthiness. Banks can more accurately evaluate the physical and reputational risks associated with lending to specific companies or projects. Strong governance structures can also indicate a lower risk of mismanagement and fraud, which can lessen credit risk (Heniz et al. Additionally, ESG can also help lower operational risk, which refers to risk from ineffective internal procedures, people, or systems or from external events (Li et al.
Finally, ESG can assist in lowering market risk, which refers to the risk of losses due to changes in market conditions. Banks can more effectively comprehend and control market risks by taking into account the potential effects of environmental and social elements on markets (Sassen et al. Thus, some literature focuses on the impact of higher ESG scores reduce credit risk (Henisz and McGlinch., 2019), while others decrease operational risk (Galletta et al., 2022), and reduce market risk (Sassen et al. However, the research on the impact of ESG affects liquidity risk still limited.
Liquidity risk ofa bank is the likelihood that customers’ demand for cash withdrawals exceeds a bank's supply of cash. The risk intensifies if banks face difficulties either in borrowing funds at a reasonable cost or selling an asset for its present value to meet liquidity needs (Diamond and Rajan, 2001). Overall, the 2007-2008 financial crisis demonstrated the importance of liquidity risk management for banks and highlighted the potentially devastating consequences of a liquidity crisis. It also led to significant regulatory changes aimed at improving liquidity risk management and reducing the risk offuture crises.
Therefore, in this paper, I examine the role of ESG scores on liquidity risk from international banks.2 Research Objectives and Questions Overall, to contribute to the body of literature, this study supports ESG scores in relation to banks’s liquidity risk at income level. Because the research on the relationship between ESG (Environment, Social and Governance) and liquidity risk in banks across countries is an important topic in the field of finance and banking. ESG has become a significant factor in investment decisions and other financial decisions. In addition, liquidity risk in banks can have a serious impact on the bank's business operations, causing harm to 9 customers and the community.
Understanding and evaluating the impact of ESG on liquidity risk in banks across countries will help bank managers make better decisions and ensure the sustainability of the bank in the future.3 Research Scopes and Methodologies Motivated by the research question, this study utilizes data from a cross-national sample of listed banks for the 2003 - 2022 period in 70 countries from Refinitiv, through the fixed-effect method. In June 2004, The United Nations Global Compact introduced the concept of ESG and urged businesses to take into account success in these areas while focusing on their core business objectives.