UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HANOI FACULTY OF BANKING AND FINANCE GRADUATION THESIS IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION ON BANK NONPERFORMING LOAN: EVIDENCE FROM INTERNATIONAL CARBON TAX SUPERVISOR: MSc LƯU HẠNH NGUYÊN ID CARD: 19050600 CLASS: QH2019E TCNH CLC3 Ha Noi, 2023 1 UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HANOI FACULTY OF BANKING AND FINANCE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION ON BANK NONPERFORMING LOAN: EVIDENCE FROM INTERNATIONAL CARBON TAX SUPERVISOR: MSc LƯU HẠNH NGUYEN STUDENT’S NAME: ĐÀO BAO ANH (19050600) ID CARD: 19050600 CLASS: QH2019E TCNH CLC3 Ha Noi, 2023 THANK YOU To successfully complete my graduation thesis, I would like to sincerely express my gratitude to: First of all, I would like to thank Miss Luu Hanh Nguyen for her dedicated guidance and support throughout this time. I would also like to express my gratitude to my colleagues in the department who have dedicated their time to provide feedback and address concerns regarding the research topic, allowing me to complete this study. Beside that, I would also like to sincerely thank the professors in the Finance and Banking department, as well as the University of Economic and Business in Hanoi, for creating a conducive learning environment that has helped us develop and improve our abilities. Despite our limited knowledge and reasoning skills, I couldn't avoid some inevitable shortcomings.
Therefore, I hope to receive valuable contributions from the esteemed professors to make this graduation thesis more comprehensive. I express my heartfelt appreciation. COMMITMENT I solemnly declare that this is my research work, with the support of my advisor, Ths. Luu Hanh Nguyen.
The research content and findings presented in this thesis are honest and have not been published in any previous research work. The data in the tables, which serve for analysis, comments, and evaluations, have been collected by the author from various sources, as indicated in the reference section. If any form of academic misconduct is discovered, I take full responsibility before the council and the outcome of my thesis. Student Dao Bao Anh Contents List Of CaDDS ốc ốc cố ốc ốốố.
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HH HH H1 Hà HH HH HH r 36 8.1 Summarize the T€SUIÏẲ. --- 5: 55t th th HH HH HH th ty trrtrrrkrrrkerrkee 43 5.2 Recommendation for øg0VernM€TnE.3 Limitation about the researFCH:.--5-cc++rHHHHHHH HH gà Hà it 45 5.4 Suggestion for future SfUÏ€S. 47 List of tables Table 1: Describe the indiÏC@fOFS.e«-cccskiikrkiiiriirriiirriiiiriiirriirrrirrrrree 28 Table 2: SUMIMATY SÊÊÏSẨÍC.e«-5cc+ScsSrkittriiEEkitEriitkiirkiirkriirrrrrrkerrirrrrerre 30 Table 3: Matrix Of COF€ÏfÏOH.--c5ee-5cceSEcetEkitEEirtrriirtiirrriirrirrrkrrrrree 31 Table 4: Baseline r€SuÏ[.----csccreerrrrierrriirttriiitrriitrriirrrrirrrrrirrrrrrrrrrirrrrkerrrrrree 33 Table 5: RODUStICSS Ê@SÉ. 35 Table 6: Income Ï@VôÏ.-----esecccceerrrkkeitrrkiiiirriiiirriiiirrriiirrrriiiiirriiirrrrrrrrrrrre 38 Abstracts This research study investigates the relationship between environmental regulation and the occurrence of nonperforming loans (NPLs) in the banking sector.
Environmental regulation plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable practices, mitigating pollution, and protecting the environment. However, its potential impact on the financial stability of banks, specifically regarding NPLs, has received limited attention in the literature. The study aims to analyze the effect of environmental regulations on the occurrence of NPLs in the banking industry. It examines how stringent environmental regulations, specially is carbon taxes, influence the financial performance and loan repayment capacity of banks borrower.
The research will utilize quantitative methods, including regression analysis, to evaluate the relationship between environmental regulation and NPLs while controlling for other relevant factors. The result indicates that the implementation of carbon tax leads to an increase in the level of nonperforming loans in the banking sectors.1 The reason for chose this topic Nowadays, as the result of increasing carbon emission, air pollution and climate change are one the most emergency problem related to environment the world have to face. Global carbon dioxie level were recorded as the highest in history published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA,2022). Because of that, environmental regulations are being applied to respond to weather phenomena and raise public awareness of the climate urgency in many countries.
In addition, more than 150 countries have now submitted new Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the target to reduce the emissions to 0 accounts for 90% of totals (Katie Williamson, 2018). Depend on research by Douglas et al.by 2021, the average global temperature could be kept below 1.8 °C by the end of century if all commitments, including those made at COP26 in Glasgow, are fully implemented and on schedule. More than 150 countries in the world shares the common goal of achieving the zero emission by the middle of this century. Environmental regulation and policies aimed at addressing climate changed and promoting sustainable development have become increasingly prevalent across the globe.
These regulations are designed to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts of economic activities, foster the transition to a low-carbon economy, and promote environmental sustainability. To achieve the goal of limiting global warming, one of the solutions from government is the legislation of using carbon tax. Understanding the potential consequences of carbon taxes on various sectors, including the banking industry, is crucial for developing sustainable and resilient economies. A carbon tax is a tax levied on firms that produce carbon dioxide (COz) through their operations.
It is used as an incentive to reduce the economy-wide usage of high-carbon fuels and to protect the environment from the harmful effects of excessive carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon tax is similar to carbon emissions trading - a form of carbon pricing. Research shows that carbon tax effectively reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, by increasing the cost of it. Government hope to curb consumption, reduce demand for fossil fuels and drive more businesses toward creating eco-friendly alternatives.
According to World Bank, in 2020, more than 30 countries and localities have implemented a carbon tax. The first country to introduce this tax was Finland in 1990 with the tax rate currently stands at $24.39 per ton of carbon. It was followed by other Nordic countries such as Sweden and Norway which introduced their own carbon tax in 1991. Starting at $51 per ton of carbon, used for petroleum, the Norwegian tax was one of the strictest taxes in the world.
Environmental regulations can impact the financial performance and creditworthiness of businesses by imposing additional costs, restricting certain activities, or requiring substantial changes in production processes to meet environmental standards. Consequently, these regulatory measures can influence the ability of businesses to meet their debt obligations, leading to an increase in NPLs within the banking sector. However, the implementation of stringent carbon tax can have far-reaching implications for various sectors, including the banking industry. The relationship between environmental regulations and nonperforming loans (NPLs) of banks has emerged as a topic of significant interest and concern.
The carbon tax was said to be a barrier for technology development enterprises (Mariana and Svevker, 2021) in particular and manufacturing sectors in general. Due to the strong impact of carbon taxes on carbon-intensive businesses, it can create a shock for those companies. Imposing strict taxation and imposing heavy financial penalties can result in negative financial consequences for businesses, leading to the emergence of bad debts and non-performing loans. As a result, the non-performing loan status of banks is likely to increase.
For example, when carbon tax were introduced in some countries, non performing loan (NPL) was also increasing (A.Artha, 2021) NPLs are loans that are in default or at risk of default, indicating potential financial distress. Understanding the potential impact of environmental regulations on NPLs is crucial for policymakers, regulators, and banking institutions. It provides insights into the risks and challenges faced by banks operating in industries subject to stringent environmental regulations, as well as those lending to environmentally sensitive sectors. Furthermore, it 10 contributes to the broader understanding of the financial stability and resilience of the banking sector in the context of evolving environmental and sustainability considerations.
Secondly, the banking sector plays a significant role in financing economic activities, including those related to carbon-intensive industries (Linnenluecke & Chen, 2017). As countries strive to transition towards greener and more sustainable economies, the introduction of carbon taxes can have profound implications for businesses operating in carbon-intensive sectors (Chiu, Huang, & Wu, 2020). This, in turn, can impact the financial health of these businesses and potentially affect their ability to service their loans. Exploring the relationship between carbon taxes and non-performing loans is essential to comprehend the financial risks and opportunities associated with climate change mitigation policies (Linnenluecke & Chen, 2017).
Moreover, the phenomenon of non-performing loans poses a significant challenge for the stability and soundness of banking systems worldwide. Understanding the factors contributing to non-performing loans and identifying potential risk factors are of utmost importance for banks and policymakers. By investigating the impact of carbon taxes on non- performing loans, this research aims to contribute to the existing literature on banking risk management and environmental finance. This research aims to examine and analyze the impact of environmental regulations on the NPLs of banks.
By studying the experiences of banks operating in jurisdictions with robust environmental regulatory frameworks, we can gain valuable insights into the effects of these regulations on loan portfolios and credit risk. The analysis will consider factors such as the stringency of environmental regulations, the sectoral composition of bank loans, and the ability of borrowers to comply with the new environmental standards.2 Objectives and task of the research The objective ofthis study is to investigate the impact of carbon taxes on the non-performing loan (NPL) status of banks. Specifically, the study aims to examine how the introduction of carbon taxes affects the financial health of businesses operating in carbon-intensive sectors 11 and subsequently influences their ability to repay their loans (Chiu, Huang, & Wu, 2020). By exploring the relationship between carbon taxes and NPLs, the study seeks to provide insights into the financial risks and opportunities associated with climate change mitigation policies.
To achieve the research objective of investigating the impact of carbon taxes on the non- performing loan (NPL) status of banks, several tasks will be undertaken. Firstly, a comprehensive review of relevant literature will be conducted, encompassing studies on carbon taxes, the banking sector, non-performing loans, and the link between carbon taxes and financial performance (Chiu, Huang, & Wu, 2020). This literature review will provide a theoretical foundation and contextual understanding for the research. Next, data on carbon taxes and NPLs will be collected and analyzed from selected banks operating in carbon-intensive sectors.
This data will provide insights into the financial health of businesses affected by carbon taxes and their ability to repay their loans. Statistical analysis and econometric modeling techniques will be employed to examine the relationship between carbon taxes and NPLs, allowing for a quantitative assessment of their impact. Furthermore, the study will aim to identify the factors and mechanisms that mediate or moderate the impact of carbon taxes on NPLs. This analysis will contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in the relationship between carbon taxes and loan performance.
Finally, based on the findings, the study will draw conclusions and implications that can inform policy recommendations and risk management strategies for banks and policymakers.3 Research question This research question focuses on the impact of environmental regulations on the economy.