UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS FINANCE AND BANKING GRADUATION RESEARCH THESIS MONETARY POLICY IMPLICATIONS ON CBDC ADOPTION INSTRUCTION LECTURER : Master Do Dinh Dinh STUDENT NAME : Nguyen Thi Phuong Anh CLASS : QH2019E-TCNH-NN MAJOR : Finance And Banking Ha Noi — October 2023 UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS FINANCE AND BANKING MONETARY POLICY IMPLICATIONS ON CBDC ADOPTION INSTRUCTION LECTURER : Master Do Dinh Dinh STUDENT NAME : Nguyen Thi Phuong Anh CLASS : QH2019E-TCNH-NN MAJOR : Finance And Banking Ha Noi — October 2023 Declaration of Authorship I hereby declare that this thesis “Monetary policy implications on CBDC adoption” was carried out by myself under the guidance and supervision of Master Do Dinh Dinh; and that the work contained and the results in it are true by author and have not violated research ethics. The data and figures presented in this thesis are for analysis, comments, and evaluations from various resources by my own work and have been duly acknowledged in the reference part. In addition, other comments, reviews, and data used by other authors, and organizations have been acknowledged, and explicitly cited. I will take full responsibility for any fraud detected in my thesis.
University of Economics and Business is unrelated to any copyright infringement caused on my work (if any). Hanoi, October 2023 Nguyen Thi Phuong Anh Acknowledgement In the process of doing research, besides the effort in learning and understanding of the author, I have received much help from friends and the enthusiastic instruction of teachers in the Faculty of Finance And Banking, University of Economics and Business - Vietnam National University, Hanoi. In particular, I would like to express my gratitude to my direct instructor, Mr. Do Dinh Dinh, lecturer in the Department of Finance And Banking for providing very many useful professional documents sharing expertise sharing through research orientation sessions, giving valuable guidance and encouragement extended to me in the process of working on the dissertation.
I also place on record my sense of gratitude to one and all, who have indirectly supported me in this venture. Despite many attempts, the subject is not immune to shortcomings. The author looks forward to receiving comments from scientists and teachers and people to make the research more complete. Author Nguyen Thi Phuong Anh Table of Contents Declaration of AuthorshÏp.
- Gà LH HH TH TH TH HH HH Hà 1 AcknowledgemeTnt.-- --- cà HH TT TH HH TT HH TH TH HT TH HH HH 2 Table of Figures 117.-- - G11 ng nọ HH re 6 1.-- --- - cà 1E ST TH HT TT TH HH ng Hit 6 1. Research obje@CÏV€S. -- LH TH TT nọ HH HT re 11 1.-- G1 TH TH TH HH nh kh 11 1. Object and scope of the StUdy .-- - - SĐT TH TH nh 12 1.
Research data and methodoÌOg. G2 G HH HT TH TH HH kh 13 Chapter 2: Literature R€VÏ@W. LH HH TH TH TH TH HH nh Ti kh 14 2. What is CBDC and why it is introduced?.
Why is CBDC iSSuedd?. -- ---- <6 vn HH nọ HT ng 15 2. Factors control the CBDC’s adoption. - -- G1 ST TH nước 18 2.
Political and governmental ÍACOTS.- eee c c SS*SSHH Hi, 18 2. Modern payment methods and Defi adoption. Cost and EffiCienCy.- - ch HH HH HH HH HH nh 21 2.- Ăn TH TH HT HT HH TH HH ng 22 2. Monetary policy goals of natÏOIS.
Monetary policy ØOaÌS:. - HH HH HH kh 23 2. Operating mechanism of monetary poÌÏÏC. Exchange rate stability.
-- -- LH HH kh 25 2. Financial market 0pennieSS.- -- G1 vn TH HH ng tre 29 2. Hypothesis development of CBDC adoption via monetary policy. --- --- + 11211911 11 1H TT TT To TT HT TH HT ng 33 3.
33 Chapter 4: Research resuÏts. -- - HT ng ng ve 35 4. HH ng HH Họ Họ 35 4.-- -- <1 11191191 0v TH TH TH kh 38 4. Correlation anaÌÏWSÌS.- cece eee HH HH HH Hệ 38 4.- --- SH HH TH HH nọ ng 42 REfFETENCES 20.
43 Table of Figures Figure 1.1: World map of CBDC status with the data being updated until October 5th 2023. Index of Global Monetary Policy (Source: Council on Foreign Relations).3: World map of monetary policy status with the data being updated until 12th October 2023). Source: Council on Foreign Relations.1: The Money Flower: A taxonomy of money.2: Public sentiment overtime in the top 10 countries with most interactions about CBDC on social media. (Source: Ngo, et al.- cà SH e 20 Figure 2.3: The Trilemma TriangÌe.
- -- - 5 c1 121g nh kh 24 Figure 2.4: Main factors of monetary policy goals that affect CBDC adoption (Source: L0 À0(0)6-0. 32 List of table Table 4.1: Statistics of surveyed countries and territories by geographical area.2: : Statistics for dependence variable, independence variables, and control Variable 1 .3 Correlation between Variables .- -- 5 5 ng ng ni 38 Table 4.4: Regression Analysis between Independent variables, control variables and Dependent variable.- - -- - 6 «LH TT TH TH HH HT th 38 Table 4.5: Regression analysis with FEM model.6: Regression Analysis between Independent variables, control variables and Dependent variable.-- -- - - 6 + ST nh TH HH nh nh 40 Table 4.7: Regression result of the model .-- -- - 5 2< + 1E E1 ST SH ng như 40 ABBREVIATIONS AREAER Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions BIS Bank for International Settlements CB Central Bank CBDC Central Bank Digital Currency ECB European Central Bank IMF International Monetary Fund P2P Peer to peer r-CBDC Retail CBDC w-CBDC Wholesale CBDC ZLB Zero-lower bound IOR Interest on reserves Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Research rationale In the development of finance worldwide, the application of global currency systems is and always has been a topic of discussion to facilitate the exchange of goods and services (Statista Research Department, 2023). Moreover, electronic transactions can now take place without the exchange of physical currency - coins and banknotes - and the emergence of cryptocurrencies could further revolutionize the future of payments.
In the early stages of human civilization, people relied on a barter system for trade. Goods and services were exchanged directly without the use of a standardized medium of exchange. However, this system had limitations, including the need for a double coincidence of wants, where both parties had to desire each other's goods or services. As societies progressed, certain items with intrinsic value, such as shells, rocks, horns, or precious metals, began to be used as a medium of exchange.
These items acted as commodity money since they held value beyond their use as a medium of exchange. Over time, gold and silver emerged as widely accepted forms of commodity money due to their scarcity, durability, and divisibility. To address the challenges of carrying and verifying the authenticity of commodity money, standardized coinage from precious metals was introduced. Until recently, one of the most prevalent forms of currency in current use is physical cash.
The use of paper money emerged in response to the challenges ofcarrying large quantities of coins. The value of paper money gradually became dissociated from the underlying precious metals, and fiat currency emerged, where the value is backed by the trust and confidence in the issuing authority. However, as societies continue to advance and progress, physical cash has revealed certain drawbacks that governments need to address: high cost but short lifespan. Otherwise, when Covid-19 happened, the demand for touch-free payment has appeared to minimize the risk of disease spread (Brzoza-Brzezina, et al.
Thus, “e-commerce” has become certain choice for the public and many new form of digital payment has arised (Statista Research Department, 2023). Contactless card payments now standard for an in-store touch-free shopping experience; digital invoices are not only standard for B2B transactions, but they’re also useful for everyday consumer purchases; in-app payment, digital wallet right in smartphone all show the change of the technology payment (GoCardLess, 2023). Contactless phone payments have revolutionized how people shop, and they’re expected to increase annually by an average of 23% worldwide, exceeding more than 522 billion purchases by 2026 (PayPal Editorial Staff, 2023). 6 In light of these challenges, it is imperative to explore alternative solutions to overcome the drawbacks associated with traditional cash transactions and explore alternative solutions to promote efficient and secure transactions.
To meet this demand, Central banks (CBs) worldwide are actively exploring the implications of, and options for, issuing CBDCs (Inutu, 2023). If potential CBDCs are to achieve the policy goals, they would be able to be adopted by countries and accepted by users (BIS, 2021). Thus, there has been a rapid progression from conceptual discussions of the benefits and risks of CBDCs to targeted research and pilots (Bordo & Levin, 2017), (Lukonga, 2023) and (Kharisma, et al.1: World map of CBDC status with the data being updated until October 5 2023. Source: CBDC Tracker Today's Central Bank Digital Currencies Status September 2023 « Ne ate: Oct, 05 23 Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) has seen significant growth in the past five years.1 from CBDC Tracker has showed that currently 130 countries, equivalent to 98% of global GDP, are exploring CBDC, with about more than half of them in the research and development stage, and 32 countries have started testing or launched their own CBDC.
Countries like Sweden, UAE and India have shown acceptance of CBDC as they recognize the advantages of this asset in international transactions. Notably, China is at the forefront of launching and implementing CBDC, with various plans to attract different users. The implementation of China's CBDC has expanded to 26 different regions in 17 out of 23 provinces (Yang & Zhou, 2022). According to South China Morning Post, public sector employees working in Changshu city across China will start receiving their salaries in the CBDC.
This new initiative will be applied to certain professions such as doctors, teachers, and journalists. Furthermore, several countries view CBDC as a potential tool to bypass severe sanctions The introduction of CBDC offers several advantages over physical cash. Firsly, it reduces the production and operational costs associated with physical currency, as digital currency can be created and maintained with significantly lower expenses. Secondly, CBDC streamlines financial transactions by eliminating the need for physical cash handling and its associated inefficiencies.
It enables instantaneous and secure transactions, facilitating the smooth circulation of goods and services. Along with touch- free payment demand and the development of technology-driven payment systems, CBDC can fulfill all these requirements which include easy accessibility, fast P2P! capability and incorporating electronic technology elements that allow for seamless mobile access. Moreover, CBDC enables governments to enhance transparency and traceability in financial transactions. In case it has so many advantages, why not all the countries are ready to accept it? What make authorities hesitated? Kharisma, et al (2023) states that the implementation of CBDC depends very much on the economic structure and payment system of each country.
If potential CBDCs are to achieve the policy goals greater than cash, they would be able to be adopted by countries and accepted by users (BIS, 2021). In the last five years, the monetary policy worldwide has indeed been changing recently due to a range of factors, especially including geopolitical risks and the Covid-19 pandemic. Klement, 2021 shows that geopolitical events can affect the variables in the valuation model of financial assets, such as expected future cash flows, real risk-free rate, rate ofinflation, and risk premium. For instance, political shocks command arisk premium as investors demand compensation for uncertainty about the outcomes of purely political event (Klement, 2021).
Similarly, the COVID-19 pandemic has required monetary policy to change as leading to severe recession in the economy. In his speech? at the International Macroeconomics Chair Banque de France - Paris School of Economics, Philip R.