Hiểu Biết Về Ngữ Nghĩa Trong Ngôn Ngữ

Trường đại học

University of Düsseldorf

Chuyên ngành

General Linguistics

Người đăng

Ẩn danh

Thể loại

textbook

2002

273
0
0

Phí lưu trữ

55 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

Preface

1. PART I BASIC CONCEPTS AND PHENOMENA

1.1. Meaning and semantics

1.1.1. Levels of meaning

1.1.2. Sentence meaning and compositionality

1.1.2.1. Syntactic structure and combination rules
1.1.2.2. The principle of compositionality

1.2. Checklist

1.3. Further reading

1.4. Notes

2. Descriptive, social and expressive meaning

2.1. Meanings are concepts

2.1.1. The meaning of a word

2.1.2. The meaning of a sentence

2.2. Descriptive meaning and reference

2.3. Denotations and truth conditions

2.4. Proposition and sentence type

2.5. Meaning and social interaction: social meaning

2.5.1. Expressions with social meaning

2.5.2. Social meaning in Japanese

2.6. Meaning and subjectivity: expressive meaning

2.6.1. Social versus expressive meaning

2.7. Connotations

2.8. Checklist

2.9. Exercises

2.10. Further reading

2.11. Notes

3. Meanings and readings

3.1. Homonymy, polysemy and vagueness

3.2. Sentence readings and meaning shifts

3.3. Interpretation in context

3.4. Disambiguation and elimination

3.5. The Principle of Consistent Interpretation

3.6. Meaning shifts and polysemy

3.7. Checklist

3.8. Exercises

3.9. Further reading

3.10. Notes

4. Meaning and logic

4.1. Donald Duck and Aristotle

4.2. The Principle of Polarity

4.3. Logical properties of sentences

4.4. Logical relations between sentences

4.5. Logical relations involving logically true or false sentences

4.6. Logical relations under the assumption of contingency

4.7. Logical relations between words

4.8. Logic and meaning

4.8.1. The semantic status of logical equivalence

4.8.2. The semantic status of logical entailment

4.9. Logic and semantics

4.10. Checklist

4.11. Exercises

4.12. Further reading

4.13. Notes

5. Meaning relations

5.1. The meaning relation

5.2. The notion of a lexical field

5.3. Meronymies

5.4. Checklist

5.5. Exercises

5.6. Further reading

5.7. Notes

6. Predication

6.1. Predications contained in a sentence

6.2. Predicates and arguments

6.3. Major types of verbs

6.4. Referential verb arguments

6.5. Deciding on the number of arguments

6.6. Nouns and adjectives

6.6.1. Major types of nouns

6.6.2. Major types of adjectives

6.6.3. Arguments of nouns and adjectives in predicative use

6.7. Predicate logic notation

6.8. Selectional restrictions of verbs

6.9. The process of fusion

6.10. Selectional restrictions and meaning shifts

6.11. Summary

6.12. Checklist

6.13. Exercises

6.14. Further reading

6.15. Notes

7. PART II THEORETIC AL APPROACHES

7.1. Meaning components

7.2. The structuralist approach

7.2.1. Language as a system of signs

7.2.2. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations

7.3. Applying the structuralist approach to meaning

7.3.1. Semantic units: morphemes and lexemes

7.3.2. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic semantic relations

7.3.3. Binary semantic features

7.3.4. Application to paradigmatic relations

7.3.5. Application to combinatorial meaning properties

7.3.6. Ideal properties of semantic features

7.3.7. Evaluation of the binary feature approach

7.4. Dowty’s decompositional semantics

7.5. Jackendoff’s Conceptual Semantics

7.6. Semantic primes: Wierzbicka’s Natural Semantic Metalanguage

7.7. Summary and evaluation of the approaches to decomposition

7.8. Checklist

7.9. Exercises

7.10. Further reading

7.11. Notes

8. Meaning and language comparison

8.1. Relativism and universalism

8.2. Berlin and Kay’s investigation of colour terms

8.3. Consequences

8.4. Checklist

8.5. Exercises

8.6. Further reading

8.7. Notes

9. Meaning and cognition

9.1. Categories and concepts

9.2. The traditional model of categorization

9.3. Degrees of membership

9.4. The prototype model of categorization

9.5. What kinds of entities are prototypes?

9.6. Which features make up the prototype?

9.7. The hierarchical organization of categories

9.7.1. The basic level

9.7.2. Properties of the basic level

9.8. Challenges to Prototype Theory

9.8.1. Graded membership vs graded structure

9.9. Semantics and Prototype Theory

9.10. Flexible concepts: vagueness

9.11. Means of differentiation

9.12. Personal knowledge vs cultural knowledge

9.13. The apple juice question

9.14. Cultural knowledge vs semantic knowledge

9.15. Summary

9.16. Checklist

9.17. Exercises

9.18. Further reading

9.19. Notes

10. Sentence meaning and formal semantics

10.1. Japanese numerals: a simple example of a compositional analysis

10.1.1. The system of numerals

10.1.2. The general scheme

10.2. A small fragment of English

10.2.1. The grammar of the fragment

10.2.2. The predicate logic language PL-F: its grammar

10.3. Translating the fragment into predicate logic

10.4. Model-theoretic semantics

10.4.1. A model for PL-F

10.4.2. Interpretation rules for PL-F

10.4.3. Application to the translations of fragment sentences

10.5. Model-theoretic semantics

10.6. Possible-world semantics

10.7. Logical properties and relations

10.8. The scope and limits of possible-world semantics

10.8.1. Scope and potential

10.8.2. Possible-world semantics vs mentalistic semantics

10.8.3. The development of possible-world semantics

10.9. Checklist

10.10. Exercises

10.11. Further reading

10.12. Notes

References

Index

Understanding semantics understanding language