THE IMPLEMENTATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM THROUGH STAKEHOLDERS PARTICIPATION IN B8A SECONDARY CANAL, CHU RIVER AREA, THIEU HOA DISTRICT, THANH HOA PROVINCE, VIETNAM BUI THI THU HOA A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Environmental Science (Development Planning) Faculty of Social Sciences UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK 2005 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS With the success of this study, I would like to extend my gratitude and thanks to the following people who have helped me in Malaysia and Viet Nam. 1 am extremely grateful to my supervisor Assoc. Gabriel Tonga Nowog in Malaysia and my co- supervisor Assoe. Dr Nguyen Xuan Phu in Viet Nam who have generously given me invaluable guidance, helpful comments and enthusiastic assistance in this research, 1 wish to thank the lecturers and other staffs in ƯNTMAS especially who have taught me throughout the SLUSE — M 2008/2004.
My thanks also go to the friendly stalls in the Post Graduate Centre where I spent working hours ‘My sincere thanks to the DANIDA project at the Ha Noi Water Resources University who support my study in Malaysia. I also wish to extend an appreciation to all my colleagues, especially in Water Resouree Economies Faculty of Ha Noi Water Resource University in Viet Nam who had been helping me during the study period, 1 also wish to thank officers at Chu River Irrigation Management Company, Thieu Hoa Irrigation Management Enterprise, BRA Water User Association, and farmers in ‘Thanh Hoa Province, Viet Nam. Without their involvements and help, my study would not be completed. Last but not least, my special thanks go to my mother, my father, my sister and all my friends who encouraged me and supported me during 18 months I studied in Malaysia, TABLE OF CONTENT Acknowledgements, ‘Table of Contents List of Appendices List of Tables List ofFigures List ofPlates Abbroviations Abstract ‘Abstrak: CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION, 1.2 Participatory Lrvigation Management in Viet Nam.5 Purpose and Objectives 10 1.1, Purpose of the study 10 1.
a 16 Significance of the study CHAPTER 2 LII pRATURE REVIEW, 2.2 Project Planning and Implementation.1 Methods of planning to meet the local needs.22 Preparation and analysis 2.8, Participatory Irrigation Management (PIN).2 Farmer's participation in irrigation, 2.1 The Philippine case.2 The Indian case.3 The Mexican case. 24 Evaluation and reassessment ofirrigation project.1 Level of participation and user satisfaction, 2.2 Cost Benefit Analynis.8 Structure of benefits ~ costs distribution.2 Study Area Profile 3.8 Data collection and Techniques.1 Identification of Population and Sample.2 Primary data collection, 3.4 Secondary Data Collection .5 Contingent Valuation Method (CVND.6 Data Analysis Techniques.1 Statistic Package for Social Science.2 Net Present Value (NPV) 8.8 Net Social benelits.4 Benefit — Cost Ratio (BCR).25 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION.2 Socio ~ Domographie Characteristic of Respondents.1 Population structure and dynamic.6 Household Income and Expenditure s8 4.8 Legal institution and framework of the BSA WUA, 50 4.4 Farmer's Participation in Irrigation Management .42 Pereeption of water users towards BSA WUA's establishment 4.5 Cost ~ Benefit Analysis.3 Cost Benefit Analysis.6 BSA WUA‘s establishment impacts Socio- Heonomie aspects 4. cn 4,6,1 Health EAFE.5, Summary of research hypotheses results CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION 5.2 Summary of the findings. 78 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Summary of Benefit items of Irrigation Project sẽ Appendix B Summary of Cost items oflnrigation Project 90 Appeniix © Summary of Benefit, Cost items for Project Scenario Appendix D Household Survey Questionnaires in Thieu Hoa district 100 Appendix E in Thieu Hoa District Questionnaire for Managers of BSA WUA 109 Appendix FL Cost Benefit Analysis for BBA canal ~ Project Scenario 1 at us discount rate 8% Appendix F2 Cost Benefit Analysis for B8A canal ~ Project Scenario 1 at discount rate 9% Appendix E3 Cost Benefit Analysis for B8A canal ~ Project Seenario 1 at 1H discount rate 10% Appendix Fa Cost Benefit Analysis for BSA canal ~ Project Scenario 1 at us discount rate 11% Appendix PS Cost Benefit Analysis for BSA canal ~ Project Scenario 1 at at discount rate 12% Appendix G1 Cost Benefit Analysis for BSA canal ~ Project Scenario 2 at discount rate 8% Appendix G2 Cost Benefit Analysis for B8A canal ~ Project Scenario 2 at discount rate 9% Appendix G3 Cost Benofit Analysis for B8A Canal ~ Project Scenario 2 at discount rate 10% Appendix G1 Cost Benefit Analysis for B8A Canal ~ Project Scenario 2 at discount rate 11% Appendix G5 Cost Benefit Analysis for BRA Canal ~ Project Scenario 2 at discount rate 12% Appendix HÌ Cost Benofit Analysis for B8A Canal ~ Project Sconario 3 at discount rate 8% Appendix H2 Cost Benefit Analysis for B8A Canal ~ Project seenario 3 at, wai discount rate 9° Appendix Hồ Cost Benefit Analysis for BSA Canal ~ Project Scenario 3 at 144 discount rate 10% Appendix H4 Cost Benefit Analysis for B8A Canal ~ Project Scenario 3 at ut discount rate 11% Appendix Hỗ Cost Benefit Analysis for BSA Canal ~ Project Scenario 3 at 180 discount rate 12% Appendix 11 Cost Benefit Analysis for B8A Canal ~ Project Scenario 4 at discount rate 8% Appendix 12, Cost Benefit Analysis for BRA Canal ~ Project Scenario 4 at discount rate 9 Appendix l3 Cost Benefit Analysis for B8A Canal ~ Project Scenario 4 5 discount rate 10% Appendix I4 Cost Benefit Analysis for B8A Canal ~ Project Seonario 4 at discount rate 11% Appendix Tố Cost Benefit Analysis for BSA Canal ~ Project Sconario 4 at discount rate 12% Appendix J Collected water fee and O & M cost Appendix K Plates of the Field Trip LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 ‘Targeted respondents (sample) by commune.
3 ‘Table 42 ‘The value of Pearson coefficient h Table 4.1 Yrequeney and parentage of snpondent hy age group 46 ‘Table 4.2 Frequency and pereentage of respondent by the category of family size ‘Table 4.3 Frequency and percentage of household by income class ‘Table d4 Result of Pearson Correlations between average income and expenditure (n=148) Table 45 Community participation in the planning and implementing of the procoss Table 4.6 Results of Person Correlation between respondent age and participation in WUA ‘Table 4.7 Summary of scores for statement on respondent's perception towards BSA WUA's establishment ‘Table 48 Benefit- Cost Analysis of the irrigation project 63 ‘Table 4.9 Yield of paddy in study area, Thieu Hoa district, Thanh Hoa 66 province Table 4.10 Result of Pearson Correlation between total paddy production 68 and percentage of irrigated land in 2004 Table 4.11 Result of Pearson Correlation between average income and the 69 total agricultural produetion (n=148) Table 4.13 Frequency and percentage of respondent by main reasons for changing irrigated agriculture ‘Table 4.18 Main reason for changing the number of confliets between ‘Table 4.14 Research hypothesis results LIST OF FIGURES Figure 11 Viet Nam, Thanh Hoa province and ThieuHoa district map Figure L2 Irrigation system map of B&A Water User Association Figure 2.1 Project eyele 1 Figure 22 Structure of Water User Association a Figure 2.8 ‘The cycle of participatory irrigation management impacts 28 Figure 4.1 Education levels of respondents 4T Figure 42 Structure of Water User Association 5g Figure L3 ‘Trond of average production vield from 1981 to 2025 in three or Figure 44 “The yield of paddy and maize before 1998 and in 2004 Figure 4.5 ‘Monthly income before and after project 70 LIST OF PLATES Plate Chu River Plate 2 Quy Xa Sluice, control water from Chu River to irrigation systems Plate 3 Gate valves on Quy Xa Sluice Plate North Canal, main canal, provide water to B8A Canal Plate 5 BBA Secondary Irrigation Scheme Plate 6 Sluice on BBA Canal Plate 7 Intersection between BSA Canal and B4-8A Tertiary Canal Plate 8 B4-SA Tertiary Canal Plate 9 Water is provided to the field at stared autumn ~ summer season Plate 10 Unconereted eanal Plate 11 Working with head of B8A WUA and vice director of Thiew Hoa IME Plate 12 Researcher on the BSA Canal ac Cooperatives ADB Asian Development Bank BC Benefit ~ Cost Ratio cBA Cost Benefit Analysis cvM Contingent Valuation Method FIOP. Farmers Irrigation Organizing Programme RFMIS Farmers Managed Irrigation System hà Hectare IA Trvigation Association ICM Irrigation Management Companies IcoP. Invigation Community Organization Programme IDMOs Invigation and Drainage Management Companies TRR Internal Return Rate Kilogram Kilometer Million dong Non Government Organizations National Irrigation Administration Number Not Present Value Operation & Maintenance Present Benefit Value Present Cost Value Participatory Irv ion Management Poverty Line Income Discount rate Specific, Measurable, Assignable, Realistic, Time Sustainable Land Use and natural Resources Management, ‘Malaysia Statistical Package for Social Science ‘Technical Assistance ‘Viet Nam dong (Vietnamese currency) United Nation UNIMAS University Malaysia Sarawak WTAC Willing To Accept Willing To Pay WUAs Water User Associations Percentage ABSTRACT Following the policy on “the state and people working together’, farmers in different regions of Viet Nam have contributed significantly in investing, operating and maintaining irrigation systems at various levels. Thanh Hoa province is one of the first districts that have been implementing this poliey in the North of Viet Nam, which focuses on B8A Water User Association (WUA) establishment, The purpose of this study is to find out the status and to assess the performance of the WUA through participation of the local people after seven years of operation.
Cost - benefit analysis ‘was performed to evaluate the efficiency of the project in terms of economies. The rosulls show that this project bring not only private benefits but also public henefits to the community with value of NPV and BIC ratio of greater than Ø and 1 respectively, ‘Tho efficiency of farmers’ participation is clearer through results of socio ~ economic perspectives. In terms of participatory irrigation management, users are actively’ involved in planning and implementing the process regardless of age. Results of correlation analysis found that there is no significant relationship between age of respondents and the participation of water users in various activities and function of the WUA.
The study was also determined and comparing the difference of socio ‘economic aspects before 1998 (before the project) and present. The results of the correlation analysis were positive in terms of the total paddy production and the percentage of irrigated area in 2004, the average income, and the total agricultural production. A t-test was applied to analyze the significant difference in the level of income during the time before 1998 and 2004. The finding shows that there was difference etween two average income levels at the two periods (before 1998 and now), In 2004, the average income was higher than that before 1998.
‘The WUA ‘establishment also had reduced eonfliets and health care problems significantly ABSTRAK _Aengikut polisi “the state and people working together", petani di pelbagai wilayah Viet Nam telah memberi sumbangan xang signifikan dalam melabur, menjalan dan menyelenggarakan sistem perairan di pelbagai tahap. Thanh Hoa adalah satu daripada wilavah vang pertama mengeunakan polist ini di, yang tertumpu kepada BSA Water Usor Association (WUA). Objoktif kajian ini adalah untuk mengonalpasti status dan menilai prestasi WUA melalui penglibatan masyarakat tempatan setelah anya beroperasi selama tujuh tahun. Analisis kos taodah telah digunakan untuk menilai keberkesanan proiek tersebut dari segi ekonomi.
Dapatan kajian ‘menunjukken bahawa projek ini bukan hanya membawa keuntungan kepada individu persendirian tetapi juga kepada komuniti secara keseluruhan dengan nilai NPV dan BC ratio lebih dari 0 dan I. Keberkesanan penglibatan para petani dalam projek tersebut adalah lebih ketara dari dapatan perspektit sosiorekonomi. Dari segi penglibatan dalam pengurusan pengairan, para pengguna melibatkan dồi secara aktat dalam proses perancangan dan implementasi tanpa mengira perbezaan umur. Analisis Korelasi menunjukkan tidak ada porhubungan vang signifikan di antara umur responden dan penglibatan para pengguna air dalam pelbagai aktiviti dan fungsi MÙA.
Aspek sosiorckonomi juga telah diaplikasi di dalam kuwasan kajian untuk menentukan perbezaan di antara sebelum 1998 obelum projek bermula) dan sekarang. Koputusan dari analisis korolasi adalah positif dari segi jumlah pengoluaran padi dan peratusan kawasan pengairan pada 2004, purata pendapatan, dan ‘Keseluruban pengeluaran pertanian.