ESL English as a Second Language Grammar Intermediate & Advanced Mary Ellen Muñoz Page Research & Education Association Visit our website at www.com At REA we’re committed to producing books in an Earth-friendly manner and to helping our customers make greener choices. Manufacturing books in the United States ensures compliance with strict environmental laws and eliminates the need for international freight shipping, a major contributor to global air pollution. And printing on recycled paper helps minimize our consumption of trees, water and fossil fuels. This book was printed on paper made with 10% post-consumer waste.
According to Environmental Defense’s Paper Calculator, by using this innovative paper instead of conventional papers, we achieved the following environmental benefits: Trees Saved: 10 • Air Emissions Eliminated: 2,110 pounds Water Saved: 1,921 gallons • Solid Waste Eliminated: 622 pounds For more information on our environmental practices, please visit us online at www.com/green Research & Education Association 61 Ethel Road West Piscataway, New Jersey 08854 E-mail: info@rea.com ESL Grammar: Intermediate and Advanced Published 2011 Copyright © 2007 by Research & Education Association, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Control Number 2006923970 ISBN-13: 978-0-7386-0101-4 ISBN-10: 0-7386-0101-2 TOEFL® and Test of English as a Foreign Language™ are trademarks of Educational Testing Service (ETS), which does not endorse this book.
REA® is a registered trademark of Research & Education Association, Inc. About Research & Education Association Founded in 1959, Research & Education Association is dedicated to publishing the finest and most effective educational materials—including software, study guides, and test preps—for students in middle school, high school, graduate school, and beyond. Today, REA’s wide-ranging catalog is a leading resource for teachers, students, and professionals. We invite you to visit us at www.com to find out how “REA is making the world smarter.” About This Book Open a new world of opportunity by mastering the English language.
ESL Grammar: Intermediate and Advanced is truly for everyone, whether in school or on the job. This comprehensive and challenging guide serves as an ideal supplement to textbooks, language courses, and most other study aids and test preparation books. But with its thorough coverage of English grammar, easy-to- follow exercises, glossary, and complete answer key, this book can be used by itself with confidence. The ability to write and speak English effectively is necessary for success in any study area, whether it be English, science, mathematics, or social studies.
Therefore, most standardized school and vocational tests—as well as the Test of English as a Foreign Language, or TOEFL— require that students demonstrate a command of the English language, which is why we have included a helpful guide to note taking, studying, and test taking. English writing and speaking skills are invaluable for getting a job and advancing in your chosen career. Employers (and their clients) often judge employees according to their ability to communicate effectively and in a productive way. This book—as well as REA’s companion volume, ESL Writing: Intermediate and Advanced—can help you take command of the English language and express yourself with precision…and success.
How to Use This Book This book is one of the most straightforward study guides you will find. As you can see from the table of contents, all aspects of English grammar are effectively covered. Each section contains clear explanations, simple examples, and ample exercises for you to practice and learn. The answer key at the back of the book is an ideal reference by which you can judge your progress, and the glossary stands ready to clear up any uncertainties about terms and their meanings.
REA wishes you all the best on your climb up the ladder to English- language mastery— and the success that you will enjoy in work and in life! About the Author Mary Ellen Muñoz Page is a former Bilingual Training Specialist and Spanish professor at the University of Florida in Gainesville. in Spanish and history and an M. in Spanish, both from Case Western Reserve University, in Cleveland, Ohio. As a professor, Ms.
Muñoz Page received three “Voyages of Discovery” mini-grants to develop cultural modules on Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Spain. Muñoz Page is also the author of books for the TOEFL Test (Test of English as a Foreign Language) and the ESOL Examination (English for Speakers of Other Languages). She was selected for Who’s Who Among American Teachers in 1996 and 1998. Author Acknowledgments This book is lovingly dedicated to my mother, Edna I.
Schmidt, who always made sure that I used proper grammar. To all my ESL students whose unceasing questions prompted the writing of this manual, I give my thanks. To Maureen Jennings, for her help in the final assembly of this book, my undying gratitude. REA Acknowledgments In addition to the author, we would like to thank Steven M.
Gras, technical reviewer; Larry B. Kling, Vice President, Editorial, for supervising development; Pam Weston, Vice President, Publishing, for setting the quality standards for production integrity and managing the publication to completion; Anne Winthrop Esposito and Diane Goldschmidt, Senior Editors, for project management and preflight editorial review and post-production quality assurance; Christine Saul, Senior Graphic Artist, for cover design; and Jeff LoBalbo, Senior Graphic Artist, for postproduction file mapping. We also gratefully acknowledge the team at Aquent Publishing Services for typesetting the manuscript. Contents Part 1–Intermediate Grammar Chapter 1–Pronouns Subject Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Relative Pronouns Impersonal Subjects It and There Chapter 2–Adjectives Possessive Adjectives Before Gerunds Some and Any Comparison of Adjectives Chapter 3–Adverbs Frequency Adverbs Yet, Still, Already, Never, Ever Chapter 4–Prepositions Chapter 5–Conjunctions Chapter 6–Verbs Auxiliary Verbs Using Auxiliary Verbs Past Tense Ago Progressive Tenses Present and Present Progressive Infinitives Linking Verbs Using Adjectives with Linking Verbs Do and Make Affirmative and Negative Commands Negative Commands Used To • Be Used To • Get Used To ’s and ’d Contractions Part 2–Advanced Grammar Chapter 7–Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Transformation of Direct and Indirect Objects Reciprocal Pronouns Who, Whom, Whoever, and Whomever Pronoun Reference Other and Its Forms Chapter 8–Adjectives Adjectives Ending in -ly Nouns as Adjectives Participles as Adjectives Comparisons of Adjectives Sequence of Adjectives as Noun Modifiers Chapter 9–Conjunctions Chapter 10–Verbs Perfect Tenses Past and Present Perfect Simple Past and Present Perfect Past and Past Perfect Present Perfect Progressive Past and Past Progressive Verbs Followed by Infinitives Verbs Followed by Gerunds Troublesome Verbs Conditional Tenses Unless Possibility and Probability Subject/Verb Agreement Irregular Plurals Problems with Prepositional Phrases Active and Passive Voice Subjunctive Say and Tell Sequence of Tenses Chapter 11–Test-Taking Techniques Test Types Note-Taking Skills Ways to Improve Your Study Skills How to Preview Information How to Prepare for Tests Glossary Appendices Appendix A–Use of Articles A, An, and The A and An The Appendix B–Vocabulary Help Appendix C–Plural Concepts Non-count Nouns Forming Plurals Appendix D–Word Phrases with Prepositions Appendix E–Irregular Verbs Answer Keys PART I ESL Intermediate Grammar Intermediate Grammar ESL CHAPTER 1 Pronouns Chapter 1 PRONOUNS Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns and all their modifiers.
They can be subjects, direct and indirect objects, interrogatives, impersonals, objects of prepositions, reflexives, demonstratives, possessives, and relatives. This chart will help you keep them in the proper order. SUBJECT PRONOUNS Pronouns can be subjects and perform action. Here are the pronouns used as subjects: Use subject pronouns for the following: a.
As the subject of the verb He writes music. She sings well. After than or as in comparison He paints better than she. I am as tall as he.
After a form of the verb be It is l. The winner was she. In (b) if you repeat the verb, you can see that you must use the subject form. He paints better than she (paints).
I am as tall as he (is). Pronouns can be objects (receivers): direct, indirect, object of a preposition: me us you you him, her, it them a. Khan saw her last night in class. Give the money to them immediately.
Give them the money immediately. Sam bought for us dinner because we were working so late. (object of a preposition) Whenever there is a compound form in a prepositional phrase, cover up the other noun and the word and, and then decide whether you need subject or object pronouns. Give the books to Jane and.
Give Jane and her the books. By covering up Jane and, you see that the pronoun is used as the object of the preposition to, and her would be the object form. Pat and saw the movie last night. By covering up Pat and, you see that the pronoun is the subject form; therefore, I is the correct form.
EXERCISE 1 Circle the correct form of the pronoun. When you have finished, check your answers with the answer key in the back of the book. Example: You and (he, him) will represent the class at the meeting. Answer: You and him) will represent the class at the meeting.
(She, Her) and Paul are planning on attending the concert. (We, Us) girls insist on being admitted to the club. Our teacher gave the extra credit to Melanie and (I, me). No one saw him and (she, her) together at the game.
How many tickets did you buy for (we, us)? 6. I have to see (they, them) before the office closes. (He, Him) travels to San Diego every spring. Find the boss’s file and hand it to (him, he).
The boys challenged (we, us) girls to a test of strength. (We, Us) won, of course. When will the director present the award to (she, her)? 11. I hope that (she, her) accepts that new job in Orlando.
Someone told (we, us) that a new store would be opening here soon. What do (they, them) plan to do about the entertainment for the party? 14. Will you please help (he, him) unload the packages? 15. How many books will he deliver to (she, her)? 16.
Cal loves Myriam, and he dreamed about (she, her) all night long. No one seems to know where (they, them) went after lunch. My sister and (I, me) traveled through the Orient last year. John’s father earns more than (he, him).
EXERCISE 2 Circle the correct pronoun. Example: Mother gave (us, we) the money to buy some milk. Answer: Mother gave we) the money to buy some milk. (Him, He) and I went to see a horror movie last night.
The teacher encouraged (we, us) students to watch the play. No one took (she, her) and (I, me) seriously when we told the story. Many fans loved Babe Ruth and went to see (he, him) play ball. (Who, Whom) is Dave inviting to the dance? 6.
They are concerned about (we, us) because we haven’t called. My sister gave (they, them) the stamps for their collection. Wes and (I, me) are taking a cruise to the Bahamas. You and (he, him) are welcome to join us at the club.
The director gave Jill and (I, me) the scholarships. Laura and her brother are taking a trip with (we, us) next summer. Everybody wants (they, them) to win the championship. How many pamphlets do (they, them) need? 14.
Will there be enough food for all of (we, us)? 15. Once Kathy receives the check, (she, her) will pay the bills. Sam took (I, me) to the conference in his new car. Sue’s husband is going with (she, her) to Toronto.
Rafael and (I, me) were selected as delegates to the convention. (I, me) am accepting the position, and this disturbs my parents. The boy (who, whom) is wearing the green shirt is my cousin. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS Pronouns can function as reflexives when the subject performs the action on him/herself.
The forms hisself and theirselves DO NOT EXIST.