Jon Hird with Jonathan Marks I Grammar Companion Upper Intermediate � MACMILLAN Macmillan Education Between Towns Road, Oxford OX4 3PP, UK A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN-10: 1-4050-8208-9 ISBN-13: 978-1-4050-8208-2 Text© Macmillan Publishers Limited 2006 Design and illustration© Macmillan Publishers Limited 2006 Text written by Jon Hird with Jonathan Marks First published 2006 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. Page layout by Anthony Godber Illustrated by Kathy Baxendale, Mark Draisey and Bill Piggins Cover design by Andrew Oliver The publishers would like to thank Gill Francis, the editor, for all her hard work. The authors and publishers are grateful for permission to reprint the following: Extract from Tlte Book of Inventions by Norris McW hirter (Guinness Publishing, 1999), copyright© Guinness World Records 1999, reprinted by permission of the publisher. Printed and bound in Spain by Edelvives 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 I Contents Units G rammar 1 Images (1) page4 Verb structures 1 Images (2) page6 Auxiliary verbs 1 Images (3) page8 Indirect questions 2 Family (1) page 10 Verb patterns 2 Family (2) page 12 Adjective structures 3 Money (1) page 14 Articles 3 Money (2) page 16 Unreal conditionals 4 Body (1) page 18 Sympathy, advice & recommendations 4 Body (2) page20 Phrasal verbs 5 Ritual (1) page22 To-infinitive or -ing form 5 Ritual (2) page24 Present & past habits 6 Digital (1) page26 Dynamic & stative meanings 6 Digital (2) page28 Present perfect simple & continuous 8 Escape page30 Reporting verbs 9 Attraction (1) page 32 Passive reporting 9 Attraction (2) page 34 Have/get something done 9 Attraction (3) page 36 Unreal conditional clauses - alternatives 10 Genius (1) page 38 Modals of deduction 10 Genius (2) page40 Narrative tense structures 11 Sell (1) page42 Relative clauses 11 Sell (2) page44 Emphasis (deft sentences) 12 Student page46 Future form 13 Home (1) page48 Quantity 13 Home (2) page SO The passive Images (1) Verb structures Present verb structures You can use the present simple mainly to talk about: • habits: I � tea with milk.
• routines: I always �tch the six o'clock news. • things that are always true: Every picture 1tellS: a story. You can use the present continuous to talk about: Note: Some verbs are not normally used in continuous forms - see Unit 6. You can use the present perfect simple to talk about: • present situations that started in the past and are continuing now: I'velivecl here since 1995.
• events that happened at an unspecified time in the past: Shejs madq loads of hit records. You can use the present perfect continuous to talk about: • situations which started in the past and are continuing now: She'sti�surprisi.iigl audiences for more than 20 years. Past verb structu res You use the past simple to fix events and situations in the past. The Berlin Wall divided the city for nearly 30 years.
It was piillea down in 1989. You often use the past continuous in contrast with the past simple to talk about things that were in progress when something else happened. You can use would and used to to talk about regular or repeated past actions. I always pie(fto'6U}i the Beatles' records as soon as they were released, and �� them straight home and play them again and again.
You can also use used to - but not would - to talk about past states or situations. I U'ie(ltO "be a big fan of the Beatles. Note: You do not normally use would for negative sentences or for questions. (For future verb structures, see Unit 12.) 4 Images ( 1) 1 (1) Practice moon.
For years, astronauts Frank Borman and Bill Anders each (c) that he was the one 1 Choose the most natural present tense. who (d) the picture. An investigation Images that changed the world - First flight, 1903 later (e) that Borman (f) an earlier, black-and-white frame and this iconic colour photograph (g) by Anders. Humans (h) on the moon seven months later.
3 Complete the text by putting the verbs into an appropriate present or past tense. a) This photograph shows/is showing the Images that changed the world - First x-ray, 1896 realization of one of humanity's oldest dreams: the first ever true flight. b) The photograph captures/is capturing the Wright brothers' 12-second, 180 metre flight of 17th December 1903. c) Orville Wright pilots/is piloting the 'flyer'.
d) Orville's older brother Wilbur just helps/has just helped to launch the aircraft. e) He watches/is watching the history-making flight. X-rays (a) _____ (be) key to medical f) Aircraft technology progresses/has progressed diagnostic imaging for over 100 years now. Today we at a phenomenal rate since the Wright (b) (take) them for granted and millions brothers' pioneering flight.
of people (c) _____ (have) an x-ray every day. g) Today, millions of people board/are boarding But, like many of the great scientific discoveries, a flight every day. x-rays were found purely by accident. h) The world is circumnavigated/has been In 1896, while German scientist Wilhelm Konrad circumnavigated in just over 30 hours (by Roentgen (d) (work) on a series of Concorde in 1995).
experiments involving cathode ray tubes, he i) Airline manufacturer Boeing currently (e) (notice) that the fluorescent light develops/is currently developing the scramjet, that they (f) (emit) (g) ____ which will be able to travel from London to (cause) a glow on the wall. The odd thing was that Sydney in two hours. the light (h) (pass) through the back of a chair and other solid objects on its way to the wall. 2 Complete the text using the verbs in the box in an (place) Intrigued by this, Roentgen (i) appropriate past tense.
his wife's hand (note the wedding rings) over a be � land orbit photographic plate, (j) (shine) the light prove take take think through it and (k) (make) the first x-ray photo. Before that, it (1) _____ (be) impossible Images that changed the world - Earthrise, 1968 for physicians to look inside a person's body without making an incision. As well as its widespread use in the medical profession, x-ray technology (m) _____ (become) a key element in many other fields. Today, x-rays (n) (have) a variety of The Earthrise photograph, which immediately applications in areas such as astronomy, weaponry, (a) inspired renewed contemplation of our place art history and of course airport security.
in the universe, was taken on Christmas Eve 1968, Roentgen (o) (be) the recipient of the while the Apollo 8 mission (b) the first Nobel Prize for Physics in 1901. Images (1) U N I T 1 5 Images (2) Auxiliary verbs The auxiliary verbs be, have and do are used to form various verb structures. For example, they are used with so and neither/nor in question tags and short answers. You can also use modals in question tags and short answers.
So & neither/nor You use so to mean 'also' in this structure: I'm learning to ski. I've seen all her films. So has my sister. You made a mistake.
So did you! I'd like to go to China. You use neither or nor to mean 'also not' in the same structure. I don't like this music. I didn't sleep long enough last night.
I can't sing very well. I've got no idea what they're singing about. Neither have they, probably. Both so and neither/nor show agreement between speakers.
To show disagreement or difference between speakers, you use an auxiliary verb. This is followed by not (n 't) if the meaning is negative. We haven't got tickets. (NOT V¥e'Ye I Vle''te get.) I didn't watch the news.
(NOT IwateA:eEl. ) I'd like to go to China. (NOT IwealElR'tliJ�e.) Question tags You normally use a negative question tag with an affirmative statement, and an affirmative question tag with a negative statement. She's amazing, isn't she? Punk was just a fashion, wasn't it? Her hair isn't naturally that colour, is it? He wasn't angry at all, was he? When the verb in the affirmative statement is am, the negative question tag is aren't.
I am right, aren't]? You use they to refer to somebody, anybody, everybody and nobody in question tags. Anybody can sing like that, can't they? Everybod� knows Madonna, don't they? You use it to refer to something, anything, or nothing in question tags. Nothing much happens in the film, does it? Anything could happen, couldn't it? You usually use an affirmative question tag after never, hardly and little. You'll never forget that moment,� you? It hardly makes any difference, does it? You can use will/would or can/could in affirmative question tags after imperatives.
Pass me that dictionary, would you? !Help me carry these books, can you? You can use shall we? as a question tag after suggestions using let's. Let's have a break, shall we? Note: In question tags with be, be is often the main verb in the sentence rather than an auxiliary. ) 6 Images (2) 1 (2) Pract i ce 4 Complete the question tags with the correct verb. 1 Write responses to show agreement and a) The film was great, Wtlsn't it? disagreement.
Use so and neither as appropriate. b) That's the new student, it? c) You work for the BBC, you? a) I'm hungry. d) You're not interested in football, you? I'm not. e) That's not your coat, it? b) I don't like pop music.
f) Someone must have taken it, ____ they? 1.@_ g) Franz can speak Russian, ____ he? c) I love rap music. h) She doesn't live here, she? i) We've met before, ____ we? d) I don't like beer. j) I'm invited to the party, ____ I? k) Let's go, ____ we? e) I've never been to the USA. I) Pass me the remote control, ____ you? m) Everyone knows that, they? f) I can speak Italian.
n) Anything's possible, it? g) I'd love to go to India. 5 Complete the responses using the words in italics h) I hadn't spoken to him before. and a question tag. a) What time is the meeting.30 i) I stayed up late last night.
isn't it ? b) W hat's the new student's name? Connie j) I never drink coffee. Her ______ ? c) Do you know where Sue lives? near the school k) I'm really into computer games. She ? d) Who are Brazil playing in the next round? Italy l) I didn't go out last night. They ? e) Who told her? William m) I'm tired.
It ? f) What did you think of the film? not that good n) I'm not hungry. It ? g) It's quite expensive. not that cheap �Ril ? 2 (Circle) the answers in exercise 1 that are true for you. For example, I'm not.
6 Write short answers to the questions using Yes and No and the correct subject and verb. 3 Write responses that are true for you. For example, a) Are you French? Yes. b) Did you go out last night? a) I'm not going out tonight.
b) I went to the cinema last night. c) Have you been to the UK? c) I can play the piano. d) I've been to Australia. d) Can you play a musical instrument? e) I can't drive.
f) I spoke a lot of English yesterday. e) Would you like to live abroad one day? g) I haven't got a car. h) I'll be at home at 9 o'clock tonight. f) Are you a student? i) I need a holiday.
j) I'd like to be on a beach right now. g) Do you enjoy studying? Images (2) 7 Images (3) Indirect questions You often use indirect questions when you want to be more polite or tentative.