Care and Maintenance of Textile Products Including Apparel and Protective Clothing TEXTILE INSTITUTE PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS PUBLISHED TITLES Care and Maintenance of Textile Products Including Apparel and Protective Clothing Rajkishore Nayak and Saminathan Ratnapandian Care and Maintenance of Textile Products Including Apparel and Protective Clothing Rajkishore Nayak and Saminathan Ratnapandian CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-56675-0 (Hardback) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-56581-4 (Paperback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained.
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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.com Contents Series preface.xi List of abbreviations. xiii Chapter 1 Introduction. 1 Chapter 2 Cleaning of textile materials.1 Washing with a machine.2 Washing by hand.4 Other washing aids.1 Dry cleaning solvents.3 Dry cleaning versus wet cleaning.1 Benefits of wet cleaning.2 Limitations of wet cleaning.3 Benefits of dry cleaning.4 Limitations of dry cleaning.6 Cleaning of protective textiles.1 Cleaning of firefighter’s clothing.2 Cleaning of body armour.3 Cleaning of chemical-protective clothing.4 Cleaning of other protective clothing.7 Effects of cleaning on clothing properties.1 Effects of wet cleaning.2 Effects of dry cleaning.3 Precautions during dry cleaning. 57 v vi Contents Chapter 3 Equipment for the care of textiles.1 Top-loading washing machines.2 Front-loading washing machines.3 Top- versus front-loading washing machines.5 Dry cleaning machines.3 Equipment used for pressing.
71 Chapter 4 Care labelling.1 Definition of a care label.2 Terminologies used in care labelling.3 Care label requirements.5 Processes described by care labels.5 Ironing or pressing.6 Care labelling systems.1 International (ISO) care labelling system.2 ASTM care labelling system.3 Canadian care labelling system.4 British care labelling system.5 Australian/New Zealand care labelling system.6 Japanese care labelling system.7 Example of care labels.8 Electronic care labels.9 Issues related to care labelling. 101 Chapter 5 Care instructions for specialty textile items.1 Carpet and rugs.2 Curtains and upholstery material.1 Blinds, shutters and awnings.5 Care based on fibre type.6 Problems during laundering and dry cleaning with solutions.1 Types of stains.2 Removal of stains.3 Impact of stain removal on clothing properties. 124 Chapter 7 Storage of clothing.2 Storage of personal protection equipment (PPE). 126 Chapter 8 The environmental impact and health hazards of cleaning.1 Chemicals with potential hazards.2 Recent innovations in laundering.3 Eco-friendly chemicals for laundering.4 Eco-friendly chemicals for dry cleaning.1 During laundering or dry cleaning.2 Residual amount left in the clothing.3 Cross-contamination of diseases.141 Chapter 9 Future trends.
149 Index���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 171 Series preface Textile Institute Professional Publications The aim of the Textile Institute Professional Publications is to provide support to textile professionals in their work and to help emerging profes- sionals, such as final year or masters students, by providing the informa- tion needed to gain a sound understanding of key and emerging topics relating to textile, clothing and footwear technology, textile chemistry, materials science and engineering. The books are written by experi- enced authors with expertise in the topic and all texts are independently reviewed by textile professionals or textile academics. The textile industry has a history of being both an innovator and an early adopter of a wide variety of technologies. There are textile busi- nesses of some kind operating across the world.
At any one time, there is an enormous breadth of sophistication in how such companies might function. In some places where the industry serves only its own local mar- ket, design, development and production may continue to be based on traditional techniques; but companies that aspire to operate globally find themselves in an intensely competitive environment, some driven by the need to appeal to followers of fast-moving fashion, others by demands for high performance and unprecedented levels of reliability. Textile profes- sionals working within such organisations are subjected to a continued pressing need to introduce new materials and technologies, not only to improve production efficiency and reduce costs, but also to enhance the attractiveness and performance of their existing products and to bring new products into being. As a consequence, textile academics and pro- fessionals find themselves having to continuously improve their under- standing of a wide range of new materials and emerging technologies to keep pace with their competitors.
The Textile Institute was formed in 1910 to provide professional sup- port to textile practitioners and academics undertaking research and teaching in the field of textiles. The Institute quickly established itself as the professional body for textiles worldwide and now has individual and corporate members in over 80 countries. The Institute works to provide ix x Series preface sources of reliable and up-to-date information to support textile profes- sionals through its research journals, the Journal of the Textile Institute [1] and Textile Progress [2], definitive descriptions of textiles and their compo- nents through its online publication Textile Terms and Definitions [3] and contextual treatments of important topics within the field of textiles in the form of self-contained books such as the Textile Institute Professional Publications.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope &journalCode=tjti20 2.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope &journalCode=ttpr20 3.org Authors Dr. Rajkishore Nayak is currently working as a senior lecturer at the School of Communication and Design, RMIT University, Vietnam.
He com- pleted his PhD from the School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, Australia. He has 15 years of experience in teaching and research related to fashion and textiles. He has published about 100 peer-reviewed papers in national and international journals. Rajkishore was awarded with the 2015 RMIT University Research Excellence Award.
He also received the 2012 RMIT University Teaching and Research Excellence Award and 2008 RMIT University International Scholarship. He worked with the School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, Australia from 2012–2016 in teaching and research. Saminathan Ratnapandian is a professor at the Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia. He earned his PhD from the School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, Australia in 2013.
He was a research fellow at TRI/Princeton (masters degree) and RMIT University (doctoral degree). His publications are available in a broad spectrum of reputed journals related to fashion and textiles. He has served the sector for nearly 25 years. xi List of abbreviations AATCC American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists AOX adsorbable organo-halogen AS/NZS Australia and New Zealand standard ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials BOD biochemical-oxygen demand CARB California Air Resources Board CEN Comite Europeen de normalization COD chemical-oxygen demand DfE Design for the Environment DFE directional frictional effect DP durable press DPTB dipropylene glycol tertiary butyl ether DWR durable water repellent EPA Environmental Protection Agency FFPPC firefighter’s personal protective clothing FR flame retardant FRPPC flame retardant personal protective clothing FSP fragment simulating projectile FTC Federal Trade Commission FTIR Fourier-transform infrared GEC GreenEarth Cleaning ISO International Organization for Standardization JIS Japan Industrial Standard LAS linear alkyl benzene sulfonates NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NFPA National Fire Protection Association NIJ National Institute of Justice NPE nonylphenol ethoxylates OBA optical brightening agents P/C polyester/cotton PAC polyacrylic PBO piperonyl butoxide PCE (perc) perchloroethylene xiii xiv List of abbreviations PET polyethylene terephthalate PLA polylactic acid PLC programmed logic circuit PPC personal protective clothing PU polyurethane PVC polyvinyl chloride REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals RFID radio frequency identification RH relative humidity SPF sun protection factor UBACS Under Body Armor Combat Shirt UHMWPE ultra-high molecular weight poly ethylene UV ultraviolet VOC volatile organic compound chapter one Introduction Textile products get soiled, stained, dirty and even worn during their use, and may not be usable after a certain period [1,2].
Hence, they need regular care and maintenance, which helps to extend the durability of the clothing and ensures that fresh clothing is ready to wear when needed [3]. However, this is one of the most neglected aspects by many consumers. Most garments cannot be put into the washing machine straight and come out perfect after washing. Hence, proper care is neces- sary to retain the original properties.
Proper care and maintenance helps to reduce the budget allocated to purchasing clothes and improve the wearability. Furthermore, this can reduce the environmental impact by the reduction in the usage of raw materials, processing chemicals and power consumption [4]. On one hand, the technological developments in the washing machine and detergency have reduced the total environmental impact per wash. On the other hand, the amount of clothing owned by individuals has gone up, which has also lead to the increased frequency of washing.
It is worth mentioning that during the use of a specific garment, the most energy is consumed in its cleaning and maintenance [5]. Hence, the cleaning and maintenance of the textiles in the right time with appropriate chemicals and protocols cannot only reduce their environmental impact but also improve their durability [6]. A care label carries instructions for the cleaning of a textile product [2,4,7–9]. Care labels contain a series of directions describing procedures for refurbishing a product without adverse effects.
Care labelling for garments is essential to identify the product, to assist the consumer in product selection and the retailer in selling the product, and to help the consumer in effective care of the garment [10]. The information on care labels is strongly emphasised as most consumer complaints and claims against apparel products concern colour change, deformation and dam- age during laundering. Manufacturers of textile items provide proper care instructions in the clothing. However, the inability to follow the instructions, to select appropriate chemicals or washing cycles lead to permanent damage to the clothing [11,12].
It is the consumer’s responsibility to take proper care of the textiles [13]. Most consumers who take care of the textiles might have experienced one or more problems such as colour fading, 1 2 Care and Maintenance of Textile Products shrinkage, wrinkling and damage to the buttons, bids and sequins or other m echanical damage [14–20]. Several factors such as the type of fibre, type of detergent or chemicals used, temperature, agitation and duration affect the clothing properties after washing or dry cleaning [21–23]. The wrong selection of any of these parameters or in combination can damage the whole garment.
Hence, the care labels need to always be followed before selecting any washing cycle or chemicals for the cleaning of the clothes. This book covers the methods of cleaning clothes, namely wet clean- ing or laundering and dry cleaning, which are most commonly used for the care of clothing items. The chemicals and types of machines used for these processes will also be discussed along with their ecological con- cerns.