VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY — HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING STUDENT MANUAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB Compilers: Dr. Le Vu Ha Dr. Le Xuan Tien Dr. Nguyen Dang Khoa Assoc.
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Lab safety rules The organic chemistry laboratory is potentially one of the most dangerous of undergraduate laboratories. That is why you must have a set of safety guidelines. Safety guidelines e Wear safety glasses at all times in lab to mitigate or eliminate eye injuries by lab accidents which can happen anytime, anywhere. To protect your eyes, safety glasses must include side shields to prevent the inrush of foreign objects and chemicals from the sides.
e Wear long-sleeve safety coat, pants and safety-toe shoes to protect almost your entire body from chemical exposures and lab accidents. e Choose the right glove types for specific works such as leather, latex, rubber or plastic gloves when working with chemicals, aluminized or wool gloves when working with heat. e Never work alone. And don't work at unauthorized times without your instructor's permission.
If you are working alone in lab and have a serious accident, you might not be able to get help before your faint. e Read and take notes on any experiment carefully before the lab. For example, you’re unprepared before the lab, so you have a lab book out, and begin reading the start of a sentence and simultaneously do that operation “Addition of water to concentrated sulfuric acid”. Probably there is no chance for you to read its rest “is not allowed because high exothermicity can cause serious accidents’.
e Read the entire chemical label carefully to be sure you will have the right stuff. For example, the bottle of sodium is close to the place of sodium sulfate. If you are careless, you will have a good chance of picking up sodium to dehydrate an organic acid. Do not forget to check material safety data sheet (MSDS) before using any chemical.
e Ask your instructor anytime if you have any question or problem. Remember that your instructor is always ready to help you and give you important advices. Shyness in asking questions will make you look foolish and often lead to negative results. e Never eat, drink, and smoke in lab.
Mistakes can be deadly. Eating contaminated food/drink makes for an embarrassing story for your obituary. Smoking nearby flammable solvents and gases can blow you up. | STUDENT MANUAL - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB — HCMUT Do not smell and touch any chemical or any product in fab without your instructors permission.
Tasting them is absolutely banned. Be always careful. Chemistry is a serious challenge. Lab accidents are never expected but seldom predicted.
If you are be careless or clown inlab, you can hurt yourself and other people or even burned your down. Keep your lab clean. Close all chemical container after using them. Clean up your bench and allocated places after the lab.
Turn off burners, water and electrical equipment before your leave. Wash equipment and glasswares you have used under your instructor’s guide. Remember the locations and proper use of the fire extinguishers, fire blankets, safety showers, eyewash stations, first-aid boxes, and emergency contacts. This is indeed useful to diminish accidental damages.
Learn how and where to dispose of wastes made from different materials or in different states or with different toxicities or with conflicting reactivities. For example, you cannot pour an acid into a bases-containing waste bottle. Work in the hood. A hood has at the least, a powered vent to suck noxious fumes outside.
It is also an ideal place to carry out many operations of an organic lab due to a safety glass or plastic panel you can pull down as protection from exploding apparatus. Do not place flammable compounds close to flames and heat sources. Heating them by an open-flame heater is not allowed as well. Lab first aid First aid is a set of guidelines which can reduce the damages caused by exposure to chemicals or injury before expert medical help can be provided.
All people working in the lab must be familiar with first-aid practices as these save valuable time and reduce damages in case of lab accidents. First aid kit First aid kit should be a dedicated cabinet or box and contain essential medicines, antiseptic lotions, creams, bandages and sterilized cotton. Maintaining a list of the contents and discarding the expired medicines and replacement with fresh stocks must be regularly done. Contact Information Names and contact details of employees holding first aid training certificates List of blood groups of all laboratory employees Names of employees with detailed specific allergies Telephone numbers of hospitals | STUDENT MANUAL - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB — HCMUT Emergency contact numbers such as ambulance, fire and rescue services, and police Guidelines for first aid providers Maintain calm and evacuate the area in case there is danger.
Start remedial action to save time before expert medical help can be provided. Do not attempt to move around the victim unless he/she is exposed to smoke, fire, hazardous chemicals or vapors. Take proper care in moving to a safe location. Ensure that the victim is breathing.
If breathing stops, try artificial respiration. Do not try to remove deeply embedded metal or glass shreds. Bandage the wounds to control bleeding till medical help arrives. Intense bleeding can be stopped by pressing the wound with your thumb In case the victim has fainted turn him/her on the side with the face tilted towards the floor to prevent choking by the tongue.
Specific first aid tips Skin burns: hold the affected skin under a stream of running water for at least 10 — 15 min. Keep the wound open and do not apply any ointment/cream/iodine/object until expert medical help can be provided. In case of strong acid burns after washing with water rinse with dilute ammonia (1 — 2%) or sodium bicarbonate (2 — 3%) solution. Use a 1% acetic acid solution for strong base burns.
Caution!!! Never apply strong acids or alkalis to neutralize the corrosive liquid on the skin. Due to heat of reaction, matters can get even more complicated. Chemical eye injury: if corrosive liquid gets splashed into the eyes, immediately wash the eyes thoroughly with fresh water using an eye fountain or eye wash bottle. You can also flush your eye gently under a running faucet, kitchen sink sprayer, or shower.
Move your eye in all directions during the flushing so that all areas of your eye are rinsed. When flushing, pull the lower and upper eyelid forward to make sure any solid or liquid chemical caught in these areas is rinsed away. Keep flushing the eye for at least 30 minutes or longer. After flushing the eye, do not bandage or put any pressure on the eye and immediately transport the injured person to a closest hospital.
Caution!!! Never apply any chemical to the injured eyes until expert medical help can be provided. Poisons: If the victim has swallowed any poison, dilute the stomach contents by drinking a large amount of water or milk and immediately transport the victim to a medical center. In case of gas poisoning, transfer the victim into the fresh air immediately. If breathing is stopped or | STUDENT MANUAL - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB — HCMUT irregular, give artificial respiration and call for an ambulance oxygen cylinder for taking the victim to the hospital.
e Cuts and wounds: Fora small cut by broken glass, keep bleeding for seconds and clean the wound with running water to flush dirt and contaminants out of the wound, use ethanol as an antiseptic and then cover it with a sticking plaster. In other cases, try to stop bleeding as the first step by covering the wound with clean cloth or sterile gauze and applying direct pressure. If bleeding is continuous, do not remove dressing but apply further dressing or pads in the old ones and bandage firmly. Transport the victim to a hospital in serious cases.
Lab glassware safety Fragile glassware is one of the most used kinds of equipment in science laboratories. Follow all lab safety rules when using and handling glassware to avoid accidents and injury. e Do not use laboratory vessels for food or drink. e Do not use glassware when working with hydrofluoric acid, hot phosphoric acid, or strong hot alkalis.
e Donot use excessive force to tighten glassware to clamps. e Check all glasswares for wetness, cracks and contamination before use. The glasswares must be dry for water-sensitive steps, reactions, and compounds. Cracked items should be disposed of.
And dirty glassware should be cleaned. e Discard cracked, broken and other waste glass in a container specially marked to indicate its contents. e Do not change glassware temperature (both heating and cooling) suddenly. If such an operation or heating at high temperature (from 100 °C to 200 °C), borosilicate glassware (e., "Pyrex", “Kimax’) should be applied.
Water, oil, and sand baths should be used to heat glasswares indirectly. e Never heat sealed or stoppered glasswares. Also never stopper or seal glasswares contains any hot volatile compound or any mixture that will release gases (e., acetic acid + sodium bicarbonate). e Use pressure-assistant glasswares for vacuum and high-pressure applications.
e Never use a thermometer as a stirring rod. | STUDENT MANUAL - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB — HCMUT 1. Basic laboratory glasswares Figure 1. Common flask types: (a) flat-bottom flask, (b) round-bottom flask, (c) pear-shaped flask, (d, e, f) multi-neck flasks, (g, h) Wurtz distillation flasks, (i) Claisen distillation flask, (j) Claisen distillation flask with a Vigreux fractionating column.
| STUDENT MANUAL - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB — HCMUT wD a (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Figure 1. Common conderser types: a. long-stem funnel, b. short-stem funnel for hot filtration, c.
Buchner funnel with fritted disc, e. jacketed Buchner funnel, f. Common funnel types: (a, b, c, d) separatory funnels, (e, f) addition funnels (dropping funnels), (g,h) pressure equalizing dropping funnels | STUDENT MANUAL - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB — HCMUT fr <= LÍ ©pen end Water out <— _ Water out ren | ( aI l2 Stand ( đÌ | ( Condenser 1 Thermometer + - Water in Condensing solvent Clam samp Water in — >! | Í dS > t 4 22 y Clamp 7 Flask = Magnetic bar —m————— g: ——— C—<22-— S ) / Heat source sàn sợ 2° Boiling mixture Hot plate f a ‘oiling chips magnetic stirrer (a) (b) Figure 1. (a) temperature-controlled reaction apparatus, (b) reflux reaction apparatus.