TRUONG ĐẠI HỌC THỦ ĐÔ HÀ NỘI (HANOI METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY) NGUYEN HUY KY, PhD ee GIÁO TRÌNH NGON NGU HOC DOI CHIEU (CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS) (For internal use) 2016 ‘Han- oi TộU ÁN Ô 1t (WTH21712ÿv1ˆ tttD13 ĐÀN” -. THS HIG: TAGS BL soe ys Sanayi PREFACE The influence of the learners" mother tongue on the acquisition and use of a foreign language has long been my great concem. During a gestation period of compiling this course book entitled CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS, the author was much influenced by some competing viewpoints. Along with many others, Carl James (1980) and Ulla Connor (1999, 3" printing) had a great impact not only ‘on my teaching, but also on my foreign language writing research in relation to contrastive analysis.
Given 45 classhours similar to 3 credits, the course book designed for English majors in English Linguistics (required compulsory) consists of 5 chapters. Chapter 1 that is considered to be the theoretical background related to the course title particularly deals with “Some Generalities of Contrastive Linguistics” in which the author mainly focuses on what contrastive analysis is; the psychological basis of contrastive analysis; the linguistic components of contrastive analysis; microlinguistic and macrolinguistic contrastive analysis; and some basic procedures commonly used in contrastive analysis. Chapter 2 presents “English — Vietnamese Contrastive Analysis on the Level of Segmental and Suprasegmental Units” in which the author especially provides the introduction to segmental and suprasegmental units; general classification of phonemes; and some suprasegmental units of the English and the Vietnamese language: a suggested contrastive analysis, Apart from the introduction and some major terms provided, chapter 3 chiefly discusses “The Morphological Features of English and Vietnamese: a Contrastive Analysis” beginning with the morphological features of word formation; some problems of parts of speech between English and Vietnamese; grammatical categories of English and Vietnamese; and word formation. Chapter 4 chiefly focuses on “English - Vietnamese Contrastive ‘Analysis on the Perspective of Semantics and Syntax” in which the author ‘especially provides noun phrases in English and in Vietnamese: their structural and semantic — syntactic features; nominalization in English and in Vietnamese; verb phrases in English and in Vietnamese: their structural and semantic features; the simple sentences in the two languages: their clause structures and clause types, syntactic and semantic approaches; some suggestions for contrastive analyses between the English and Vietnamese simple sentences; coordination: phrasal and ©lausal, complex sentences: clause types and some functional classification of subordinate clauses; and some suggestions for a contrastive analysis between the English and the Vietnamese sentences.
The last chapter ~ chapter Š — discusses “English — Vietnamese Contrastive Analysis on the Level of Above-Sentence” beginning with what the level of above-sentence is, apart from the introduction; then paragraph and paratone; gente in English and in Vietnamese; contrastive thetoric and applied linguistics; contrastive thetoric and the field of rhetoric and composition, Academic institutions; contrastive thetoric and text linguistics in English and Vietnamese; writing as an activity embedded in a culture; contrastive rhetoric and translation studies; and some teaching implications and research directions. ‘Our only goal is to help students overcome difficulties in the process of learning English as a foreign language. Furthermore, what we can do then is to help them identify what contrastive analysis is, and why they need to show differences rather than similarities if or when any two language items between English and Vietnamese can be compared. Accordingly, from the perspective of contrastive analysis, we ean assist Vietnamese learners of English not only analyze, predict ‘errors, but also explain why they occur in order to improve their English as a foreign language.
However, one more thing we would like to add here is that contrastive analysis can involve comparison of two (or more) languages or subsystems of languages (Cross-linguistie contrastive analysis); determine both the differences and similarities between them; and can also be done within one language (Intra- linguistic contrastive analysis), for example, the analysis of contrastive phonemes as in /p/ and fb/ in English. ‘At last, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my colleagues from the Faculty of Post-graduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies - Vietnam National University, Hanoi; to my colleagues and English ‘majors from the Faculty of Foreign Languages, Hanoi Metropolitan University ‘where I-have been teaching English for ages. Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family. Without their help and support from them, the course book could not have been completed.
Hanoi, 31 October, 2016 ‘The course book compiler, 'Nguyễn Huy Kỹ, PhD and senior lecturer of English 5 0 ơn TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE, ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 1-1IREoietion 12 hat is contrasiveaoalysis? =8 n2 ng 1. The place of contrastve analysis in linguistics | |1.23, 1:22 Contrastive Contastive analysis analysis aas intelanguage pure or appliedstudy linguistics 1. Contrastive analysis and bilingualism 1. The psychological basis of contastive analysis 13.
Tranfer in learning psychology 132. Some problems of definition 133, Transfer theory and contrastive analysis 134A scale of difference 13. Conrative analysis and behaviourist eaming thon 14. The linguistic components of eontrastive analysis 1.
Levels of language 142 Categories of grammar 143. Language models for contrasive analysis onthe level 1.5, Microlinguistic and macrolinguisic contastive analysis. Microlingisticcontrastive analysis 152 Macrolinguisticcontastive analysis basic procedures commonly used in contastive thap I quest r teions 72. Introduction to segmental and suprasegmental units 2.
General classification of phonemes 2. On the segmental units 1. The consonants of English and their classification 23. The vowels of English and thei classification 2.
The consonants of Vietnamese and their classification 2. The vowels of Vietnamese and their classification 2.4, On the suprasegmental units 2.1, Stress in English 2.4, Some other issues dain related Galante to English rhythm and 2. Some information about tones in Vietnamese 2.5 Some suprasegmental units of the English and the ‘Vietnamese language: A suggested contrastive analysis 2.1, Iniroduction [CHAPTER The 3, Some major tenns used in the chapter 7 Morphological | 3. The morphological features of word formation B Features of 3.
Some problems of parts of spezch between English English and and Vietnamese B Viemamese:2 | 3. What is an analytic language? B Contrastive 3. What i an isolating language? ” Analysis 3. Grammatical categori of es English and Vietnamese | 75, 3.1, Verb grammatical categories in English 7 315.2, Verb grammatical categories in Vietnamese 76 3365.1, Affaxation: prefiation and suffixaton in English and Vietnamese 7 3.
Conversion in English and Vietnamese 78 3. Compounding in Engli sh and Vietnamese 80 3.4, Reduplication in English and in Vietnamese 82 3. Acronyms in English and in Vietnamese 33 3. Clipping in English and in Vietnamese 84 3.
Summary 86 Chapter 3 questions 86 CHAPTERS [41 Introduction s8 English ~ 42. Noun phrases in English and in Vietnamese: their | 88 Vietnamese structural and semantic~ syntactic features Contastive 42.1, English noun phrases: thei structural features and | 88 Analysis semantic ~ syntactic features ‘onthe Perspective | 42. Vietnamese noun phrases: ther structural features | 92 of Semantics and | and semantic ~ syntactic features Syntax 423. Noun phrases in English and in Vietnamese:A | 94 ‘suggested contrastive analysis 43.
Nomininaliza English and intion Vietnamese 95 43.1, What is nominalization? 95 43. Nominalization in English 95 433.4, Some comments on nominalization in English and | 95 ‘Viemamese 44, Verb phrases in English and in Vietnamese: their | 96 structural and semantic features 4.1, What is a verb phrase? 96 4. English verb phrases:ts structural and semantic | 96 features 4. Vietnamese verb phrases: its strictural and semantic | 100 features 4.44, Some contrastve analyses of verb phrases in 101 English and in Vietnamese 45, The simple sentences in the two languages: their | 102 clause structures and clause types; syntactic and semantic approaches 45.
What is a simple sentence? 102 452. The English simple sentence: its clause streture | 102 and clause type 3. The English simple seatence: is syotacic and TOE semantic approaches 4. Some suggestions for contrasive analyses between the| 103 English and Vietnamese simple sentences 47.
Coordination: phrasal and clausal 103 47.1, Coordination 103 47121 Phrasal coordination 103 473, Clausl coordination 104 4. Complex sentences: lause types and some funtinal | 104 classification of subordinate clauses 4.1, What is a complex sentence? 104 4.82 Subordination and coordination 104 4.84, Some funetona classification ofsubordinate clauses| 105, 4.9, Some suggestions fora contrative analysis between. | 105 | the Englishand the Viettamese sentences 4.10, Summary 106 Chapter 4 questions 106 CHAPTERS [5.2, Whatis the level of above-sentence? 108 Vietnamese 53, Paragraph and paratone 108 Contrastive 533. Pưưone mn conibe Level of | 5.
Some suggestions fora contrastve analysis of © | 111 ‘Above-Sentence | paragraph and paratone between English and Vietnamese 54, Genre in English and in Vietnamese 12 5. The concept of genre m2 5. Genre in English 12 543. Gene in Vietnamese 13 5.4, Some suggestions fora contrastve analysis between | 113 genre in English and gene in Vietnamese 5.
Genges and text types 13 5.46, Some suggestions fora contrasive analysis between | 115 English and Vietnamese text types 5. Contmstve thetoric and applied linguistics I6 5.6, Contrastve chetorc and the field of rhetoric and | 117 composition, Academic institutions 5.1, Conrastive rhetoric (previously mentioned in 5. The field of rhetoric and composition 17 5.64, Types ofacademic insitutons 47 5. Coatrastive thetori and text linguistics in English and | 118 Vietnamese 5.
Some techrieal terms employed inthe section | 118 5. Contretive thetori (previously mentioned in 5.78, Some suggestions fora contrastive analysis of — |12L ‘colesive devices that oreate cohesion in tex between English and Vietnamese 58. Weiting as an activity embedded in a eulture 121 5. Some necessary explanations related tothe section | 121 5.
Some important bases forthe section to develop | 121 5. Knowledge as the bases forthe sctivty of writing | 122 584. Writing isculturally determined 12 ‘585 Different emphasis on cross-cultural writing 122 ‘5. Some suggestions for the teaching of how culture is | 122 ‘embedded in language 5.
Contrastive chtorie and translation studies 123 5. Contrastive rhetoric (previously mentioned in 5. Whats translation? 123 594, Translation quality 123 59. What should we say about contrastive rhetoric and | 124 translation studies not only in terms of contrastve analysis butalao in terms of language acquisition? 5.
Some teaching implications and rescarch directions | 125 5. Implications from contrastive text studies 135 5.2 Implications from contrastive process-based writing] 126 5. Implications from contasve gensespecific | 12 research in English asa foreign language settings 5.104, Research directions 126 SH, Summany l7 “Chapter 5 questions 127 REFERENCES ~ _ Chapter 1: SOME GENERALITIES OF CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS 1. Introduction inguistically, contrastive linguistics can also be called contrastive analysis.
To begin with, we would like to raise 2 general but major questions for the English language learners to think and to give answers if possible: “Is contrastive linguistics/ contrastive analysis the same as comparative linguistics/ analysis? How are they different?” It is clearly known that to “contrast” means to compare people or things so that differences are made clear; or to show differences when compared. So, contrastive analysis can be used interchangeably with the above mentioned contrastive linguistics or differential linguistics, but linguists tend to use contrastive analysis to refer to the contrastive purpose to highlight any differences or dissimilarities when/ if they can be compared. It is also clearly indicated that to “compare” means to examiné people or things to see how they are alike and how they are different. Thus, comparative analysis is used to show similarities and differences; but contrastive analysis — to show differences rather than similariie Tn sum, contrastive: linguistics! analysis is not the same as comparative linguistics/ analysis, but it is a sub-section of comparative linguistics.
In order to. now more about what some generalities of contrastive linguistics are, we would like to deal with some major focuses such as what contrastive analysis is, the psychological basis of contrastive analysis, the linguistic components of Contrastive analysis, microlinguistic and macrolinguistic contrastive analysis, and some basic procedures commonly used in contrastive analysis.