Đóng góp của hệ sinh thái rừng ngập mặn cho nuôi trồng thủy sản: Nghiên cứu thực nghiệm tại đồng ...

Nghiên cứu tác động của hệ sinh thái rừng ngập mặn đến nuôi trồng thủy sản tại đồng bằng sông Cửu Long, mang lại cái nhìn sâu sắc về lợi ích.

Trường đại học

University of Economics

Chuyên ngành

Development Economics

Người đăng

Ẩn danh

Thể loại

Thesis

2015

67
0
0

Phí lưu trữ

30 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

CERTIFICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. CHƯƠNG 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Problem statement

1.2. Research Objectives

1.3. Research questions

1.4. Scope and Methodology of Research

1.5. Research structure

2. CHƯƠNG 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Theoretical review

2.2. Wetland and Mangrove forest

2.3. Ecosystem services

3. CHƯƠNG 3: SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

4. CHƯƠNG 4: EMPIRICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5. CHƯƠNG 5: CONCLUSION, LIMITATION AND RECOMMENDATION

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ABSTRACT

Trích đoạn nội dung tài liệu

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HOW MUCH DOES MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM CONTRIBUTE TO AQUACULTURE - AN EMPIRICAL STUDY FOR MEKONG RIVER DELTA by TRAN PHU HOA MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, December 2015 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HOW MUCH DOES MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM CONTRIBUTE TO AQUACULTURE? - AN EMPIRICAL STUDY FOR MEKONG RIVER DELTA A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS by TRAN PHU HOA Academic Supervisor: DR. PHAM KHANH NAM HO CHI MINH CITY, December 2015 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CERTIFICATION “I confirm that the substance of the thesis has not already been submitted for any degree and is not currently submitted for any other degree. I certify that to the best of my knowledge and help received in preparing the thesis and all sources used have been acknowledged in the thesis.” Signature Tran Phu Hoa Date: / / 2015 CERTIFICATION i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was the great stone that I had to move it, so that I could complete my Master degree in Development Economics at Vietnam-Netherlands program. I was truly grateful to my supervisor, Dr. Pham Khanh Nam, for his help and support over the period of my thesis. Without his help in useful comments, I would not have finished this master thesis. Moreover, I would like to thank his partners who had been helped me in the indirect way. In the period of doing this study, there were things that brought me sadness and joy. Those emotions had mixed together, and became the sticky creature crabbing my feet and thought. I had been stuck. However, someone had reminded me about the speech which was “Happiness is always defined by sadness”. Thank you, my University. You gave me the opportunity to challenge myself. You had longed for my achievement, and you helped me to find out some of my missing parts in my journey of life. Finally, I further wished to thank my family members, my friends and I, who have provided me food, shelter and love. Their love and support gave me strength to open my eyes and worked out the problem that I had buried me deeply under the ground. Finally, please remember that I owned all of you, and I will pay back. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION . ii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iii LIST OF FIGURES . v LIST OF TABLES . vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .4 Scope and Methodology of Research .1 Wetland and Mangrove forest .2 Review of empirical studies . 18 TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.3 Aqua-farming output .4 Farming cost as dependent variable .4 Methods of estimation . 29 EMPIRICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .1 Descriptive statistics of dependent and independent variables .3 Non parametric analysis .1 Estimating the effect of mangrove forest on cost of aquaculture production using OLS regression .2 Estimating the effect of mangrove forest on cost of aquaculture production using IV estimation . 40 CONCLUSION, LIMITATION AND RECOMMENDATION . 48 TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Changes in world mangrove areas, 1980-2005. 1 Figure 2: The link between seafood production and mangrove ecosystem services . 15 Figure 3: The expected relationship between mangrove forest and aquaculture . 16 Figure 4: Illustration of “Mangrove cover” variable . 19 Figure 5: The graph illustrated the relationship of mangrove forest and total cost of aquaculture by using estimated valuation statistic. 38 LIST OF FIGURES v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Variables of household characteristics . 30 Table 2: Correlation Coefficients of variables . 31 Table 3: T-test results . 33 Table 4: The VIF for coefficients in the non-restricted model . 34 Table 5: Estimated results of three regression models . 36 LIST OF TABLES vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS EPA The United States Environmental Protection Agency FAOs Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GSO General Statistics Office of Vietnam IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature MA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment OLS Ordinary Least Squared regression PFES Payment for Forest Environmental Services VND Vietnam Dong WWF World Wide Fund LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT Mangrove forest exploitation had been one of the critical issues for developing countries in recent years. Aquaculture expanding was believed to be the number one reason for the vanishing of mangrove forests. Using the production function approach, the paper attempted to get insides about the contribution of mangrove forest to aquaculture, particularly Mekong Delta in Vietnam. The result found out that mangrove forest had connected with aquaculture in the non-linear relationship. It concluded that mangrove forest could help farmers to reduce their cost of production. In addition, the rate of reduction was declining as there was more mangrove forest acreage adding to the surrounding of a particular pond. Key word: mangrove forest, aquaculture, cost of production ABSTRACT viii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement There were two reasons that motivated me to do this thesis. The first one was statistics that reported about the huge mangrove destruction around the world. The second one was the need of finding payment method in order to protect the forest. It had been estimated that 35 per cent of the world’s original mangrove cover had vanished on average (Valiela, Bowen, & York, 2001). For instance, it was about 3.6 million hectares of mangrove forest that had disappeared for the past 25 years. In addition, Asia accounted for about more than 1.9 million hectares lost, North and Central America lost about 690,000 hectares and Africa was about 510,000 ha (FAO, 2007). Mangrove forest acreage changes from 1980 to 2005 had been summarized in the figure below, which was provided by FAO in their report about the mangrove forest 1980-2005. Figure 1: Changes in world mangrove areas, 1980-2005. Sources: Adapted from FAO (2007, Figure 4) CHAPTER 1 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com According to this figure, Asia had been noticed for being a region that contributed the largest lost in mangrove forest area comparing to other regions in the past 25 years. In fact, there were only five Asian countries creating more than 90 percent mangrove loss in Asia, including Indonesia, Pakistan, Malaysia, Vietnam and India (FAO, 2007). In Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam, aquaculture and agriculture expansion would be a significant reason of the huge reduction in forest area. Indonesia, the country with the largest mangrove area in the world had faced the highest annual rate of loss from 2000 to 2005, which was about 1.6%, and it mainly caused by conversion of land for shrimp farms (FAO, 2007). Moreover, Giri et al. (2011) found that 63% of mangrove destruction in Indonesia from 1975 to 2005 was attributed to aquaculture practices. Similarly, it accounted for about 43 percent of 110,000 ha of Malaysia mangrove losses from 1980 to 2005 (Giri et al. In Ca Mau province Vietnam, more than 50 percent mangrove losses were converted to shrimp ponds from 1973 to 2008 (Lam- Dao, Pham-Bach, Nguyen-Thanh, Pham-Thi, & Hoang-phi, 2011). Although this number had clearly pointed out that the booming aquaculture industry especially shrimp farming was the main problem of this destruction, mangrove forest areas kept reducing in its quality and quantity. The fact was that shrimp farming could help local communities to improve their standard of living. People who lived in coastal areas were often poor, especially in Southeast Asia. With its high return, shrimp production seemed to promise better life for those people, although the risk of default was high. In Vietnam, there was a time that the government encouraged people to construct shrimp ponds, and it was believed to alleviate poverty. Consequently, a lot of mangrove forest had been converted into shrimp ponds. However, I doubted about the fact that mangrove forest could not get along with aquaculture. Mangrove ecosystem services should benefits aquaculture in some ways. For example, a farmer might not need to buy as many as crab and shrimp INTRODUCTION 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com seeds, since he could collect them from mangrove forest. Water running through mangrove forest might be stable in quality, so that chemical usage to treat the water input might reduce. As a result, making decision on how to improve the standard living of the coastal communities and to protect the forests in parallel would be a challenge of policy makers. In Vietnam, the government had applied Payment for Forest Environmental Services (PFES) to be the additional revenues that would finance the conserving activities. The main idea of this policy was to ask for payments made by people who used mangrove ecosystem services. The government had to choose the appropriated fee schedule so that it would not only maintain the conservation budget but also create the incentive of the communities in protecting the mangrove forest. It should be demands on researches that attempted to value the ecosystems, as it seemed that policy makers needed reliable valuations to advise them in making good Decree and Act. As a result, by estimating monetary values that ecosystem services might contribute to the aquaculture activities, the thesis attempted to give more insides about the existed relationship of coastal forests and human activities, so that it might help policy makers in improving the quality of their decisions.2 Research Objectives The main research objective of the study was to examine the relationship between mangrove ecosystem services and aquaculture in the Mekong River Delta. There were two specific objectives: - To estimate the monetary value of ecosystem services that mangrove forests contribute to aquaculture production in Ben Tre and Tra Vinh provinces. - To find out optimal mangrove areas for aquaculture production in Ben Tre and Tra Vinh provinces INTRODUCTION 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.3 Research questions What would be the monetary value of mangrove ecosystem services to aquaculture production? What would be the optimal mangrove forest area for aquaculture production? 1.4 Scope and Methodology of Research This thesis used the cross sectional data of 125 shrimp ponds in Ben Tre and Tra Vinh provinces. Shrimp ponds included both intensive and extensive farming techniques. Data was collected from a field survey in 2014 which was financed by IUCN. Cost function was employed to derive the role of mangrove to aquaculture on the premise that mangrove ecosystem helped to reduce farming costs by providing water quality maintenance service or food input services.5 Research structure The thesis was organized in five chapters, including this introduction as Chapter 1. The following would be Chapter 2, and it reviewed key concepts showing relationship between mangrove forest and aqua-farming. In addition, valuation methods for ecosystem services and empirical studies that were relevant to this topic would also be discussed. Section 3 described data collection and methodology in which the analytical model and method of estimation were outlined. Section 4 presented the results generated by estimating the analytical models mentioned in Section 3, and made comments on those outcomes. Section 5 briefly made conclusions, recommendations and limitations of the research. INTRODUCTION 4 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, section 2.1 would explain concepts which could be view as building blocks in understanding mangrove forests and their economic values.2 would review some empirical studies relating to effort of valuing mangrove forests.

Nội dung được bảo vệ bản quyền — Tải xuống đầy đủ