VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY DOI THI LOAN ASSESSMENT OF DROUGHT CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON SALINITY INTRUSION AND AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY OVER MEKONG RIVER DELTA OF VIETNAM MASTER'S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY DOI THI LOAN ASSESSMENT OF DROUGHT CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON SALINITY INTRUSION AND AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY OVER MEKONG RIVER DELTA OF VIETNAM MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Prof. Phan Van Tan Hanoi, 2022 PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is the results of my own research and has not been published. The use of other research’s result and other documents must comply with regulations. The citations and references to documents, books, research papers, and websites must be in the lists of references of the thesis.
I have read and understood the plagiarism violations. I pledge with personal honor that this research result is my own and does not violate the Regulation on prevention of plagiarism in academic and scientific research activities at VNU Vietnam Japan University (Issued together with Decision No 700/QD-ĐHVN dated 30/9/2021 by the Rector of Vietnam Japan University). AUTHOR OF THE THESIS Doi Thi Loan TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PLEDGE TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES. I LIST OF FIGURES.
ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. Drought and saline intrusion under Climate Change context in Viet Nam. Necessity of research. Research question and hypothesis.
Objectives of the research. Matrix of learning outcomes for the master's thesis. Scope of research. Structure of the thesis.
Definition of drought. Definition of drought. Causes of drought. Types of drought.
Association among drought, and saline intrusion and agricultural activity. Association among drought, and saline intrusion and agricultural activity on a global scale. Association among drought, and saline intrusion and agricultural activity in Viet Nam. Assessment of drought risk.
DATA AND METHOD. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient and linear regression. Drought risk assessment. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.1 Spatio-temporal variability of drought over MRD.
Relationship between drought and saline intrusion and agricultural activity. Relationship between drought and saline intrusion. Relationship between drought and agricultural activity. Drought Risk assessment.
Drought Hazard Index (DHI). Drought Exposure Index (DEI) and Drought Vulnerability Index (DVI). Drought Risk Index (DRI). Limitations and outlooks.
59 APPENDIX A: Program learning outcomes (PLOS) of MCCD.59 Appendix B: Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient Tests and linear regression.60 Appendix C: Durbin Watson Test. 65 Appendix D: Result of Drought Hazard Index, Drought Exposure Index, Drought Vulnerability Index and Drought Risk Index in four stage over Soc Trang province. 66 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Questions and hypothesis.
Matrix of learning outcomes for the master’s thesis. List of rainfall monitoring stations in VMRD, Viet Nam…………………23 Table 3. Drought classification based on SPI values. Indicator and data souses of Components.
Number of drought events for decade (1980-2020).Drought frequency classify by months in VMRD (1980-2020). Statistic of drought severities for 4 decades in Soc Trang province. Drought intensities for 4 decades in Soc Trang province. Descriptive statistics of variables.
Result of Pearson's Correlation Coefficients and Linear regression between drought severity and area of land affected by saline intrusion. Result of Pearson's Correlation Coefficients and Linear regression between drought severity and rice production, agriculture land area. Drought Exposure Index (DEI) over Soc Trang Province. Drought Vulnerability Index (DVI) over Soc Trang Province.46 i LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.Vietnamese Mekong River Delta base map.
Average temperature in VMRD………………………………………9 Figure 1. Average precipitation in VMRD. Logical frame work of the research.The general sequence for the occurrence of different drought types…14 Figure 4. Standardized Precipitation index (SPI-6 months) (1980-2020)………33 Figure 4.
Drought frequency in VMRD (1980-2020). Drought Severity, Duration and Intensity in VMRD (1980-2020). Correlation coefficients between drought severity and area of land affected by salinity a. Drought severity and rice production; b.
Drought severity and agriculture land area. Drought Hazard Index map over Soc Trang province. Drought Risk Index map over Soc Trang province.47 ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CC Climate Change DRGP Gross Regional Domestic Product FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GHG Greenhouse Gas GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (English: German Corporation for International Cooperation GmbH) GSO General Statistics Office IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment VMRD Vietnamese Mekong River Delta RCP Representative Concentration Pathways RRD Red River Delta SLR Sea Lever Rise SPI Standardized Precipitation Index SSP Shared Socio-Economic Pathways WB World Bank WMO World Meteorological Organization iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Phan Van Tan, for giving me helpful guidance, support, encourage and suggestions and for welcoming all of my questions and concern all the time.
In addition, I would like to express my gratitude to Assoc. Nguyen Tien Giang, faculty of Meteorology, Hydrology and Oceanography (HMO), VNU University of Sciences (HUS), VNU for giving me suggestion, helpful guidance about expertise and academic. I would also like to thank Mr. Nguyen Manh Hong, Hydro-meteorological Center of the Southern Region, and Dr.
Dang Dinh Kha, HMO, HUS, VNU, who took the time to help me in the data collecting process. I am grateful to Assoc. Makoto Tamura, Dr. Nguyen Van Quang, MSc.
Bui Thi Hoa, MSc. Bui Thi Lan and other lecturers, staffs of Vietnam Japan University (VJU), and Ibaraki University for their contribution towards my exciting journey in VJU. Last but not least, I would like to thank my friends in VJU, and my family, those who treated me, encourages me so well. I appreciate your role in helping me.
Drought and saline intrusion under Climate Change context in Viet Nam Climate change (CC) is arguably the most challenging issue for all humanity at the present time. With rising temperatures, sea level rise (SLR), drought, flooding, saltwater intrusion…, CC poses as a major threat to the agriculture, major industries and socio-economic systems of many countries around the world (MONRE, 2011a). According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), by the end of st the 21 century, average temperature will increase by 2.5) on a global scale, while sea level will increase by 0.5) or as much as 0.01m under the very high GHG emissions scenario (SSP5-8. st In Vietnam, as shown by RCP 4.5 scenario (IPCC, 2021) by the end of the 21 century, the average temperature will increase between 1.4℃ in the North, between 1.9℃ in the South.
Sea level will rise 57cm - 73cm. Global warming has driven an increase in the intensity of natural disasters (storms, floods, drought, SLR). According to Nguyen and co-author (2021), drought is protected increase duration, severity and intensity in dry season and transition months between the dry and wet seasons in Red River Delta, North Central, South Central. In particular, drought risk could increase in sub-region, Red River Delta and South Central (Nguyen , et al.
Drought tends to increase, fluctuates strongly in space and differences between climate regions (Phan , et al. Phan (2010) used statistical methods to assess the variation of drought for 7 climatic sub-regions in Vietnam. The results showed that drought tends to increase, but with uneven severity across sub-regions. The frequency of drought is strongest in the North Central and South Central sub-regions, and weakest in the Northwest sub-region (Phan , 2010).
In particular, the North and South Central experienced greatest frequency, severity and intensity of drought (Phan , et al. Temperature increase, shortage water and sea level rise are cause increasing area of saline intrusion in the coastal area of Red River Delta (RRD), Mekong River Delta 1 (MRD) (Pham , et al., 2012; Tran , et al. The saltwater intrusion is spreading and it’s a major threat to agriculture sector and other sectors (Pham , et al., 2012; Hagenvoort, et al. Necessity of research CC is arguably the most challenging issue for all humanity at the present time.
With rising temperatures, SLR, drought, flooding, saltwater intrusion,… SLR is leading to increased saline intrusion all year round ( Hagenvoort, et al., 2013; Bricheno, et al. In particular, SLR, combine with drought is causing saline intrusion, which become more serious and affect to many sectors (i. agricultural activity) (Williams, et al., 2003; Rice, et al., 2012; Bhattachan, et al. Saline intrusion affected low-relief landforms such as the RRD and VMRD.
However, VMRD has more studies on saline intrusion than any other region. It’s can be explain that VMRD is the lowest area and is one of 3 deltas in the world at risk of being severely affected by CC in the next 30-50 year. According to the MONRE (2021), If SLR with 100 cm at the end of the century (extreme scenario of RCP8.29 % area of MRD would permanently flooded. Besides, drought tends to increase, fluctuates strongly in space and differences between climate regions (Phan , et al., 2013; Nguyen , et al.
Drought is one of extreme events and it's projected to be more frequent, pronounced and severe (IMHEN & UNDP, 2015). One of the causes of drought is the rainfall shortage in a given period compared to the long-term average in an area. Drought is a complicated phenomenon that does not occur immediately, but rather accumulates over a relatively long period of time with unclear manifestations. When drought has been observed, its impact was extremely serious.
Although CC has an impact on a global scale drought, the impact is not the same in each climate region (Phan , 2010). Drastic changes in temperature, precipitation, humidity, evaporation have led to changes in the duration, spatial extent, frequency and intensity of drought. Drought-induces saline intrusion under CC context and it’s causing the biggest economic losses among natural disasters (Sam, et al., 2008; Leng, et al. Prolonged drought often occurs, causing crop failure, even changing the structure of the agricultural ecosystem, and high-value crops may disappear.
In Viet Nam, drought 2 is the third most damaging natural disaster after storm and flood (DMC, 2011a). According to IPCC (IPCC, 2007), The VMRD have been substantially affected by CC in invidious ways (e. increased average temperatures, rising numbers of extreme weather events, SLR and saline intrusion, etc.) affected agricultural activity. The VMRD is especially facing severe risk of drought and saline intrusion, which can significantly affect people’s livelihoods, food security and water supply (UNCT, 2020).
For instance, in 1982, drought destroyed 180,000 hectares of crops. Drought and saline intrusion are occurred serious in Soc Trang province, which account for 95% of the farmers have experienced damage due to drought and saline intrusion (Truong , et al. As shown by the MONRE’s report in 2011, there were more than 650,000 hectares of rice planted in the coastal area of the VMRD, however, about 100,000 hectares (15.38%) are at high risk of saline intrusion in the dry season every year (MONRE, 2011). Drought and saline intrusion effect to 40% of arable land area in the VMRD (IMHEN & UNDP, 2015).
The 2015-2016 period was when the VMRD experienced the most extensive saline intrusion in 90 years (FAO, 2021): Saline water intruded up to 90 kilometers inland in some areas. The paddy production reduced by 1.1 million tons with 477,113 hectares (ha) of agricultural land damaged; more than 81,000 hectares of shrimp lost, and 247,711 ha agricultural land damaged in Soc Trang province, accounting for 51.79% total agricultural land damaged in VMRD (FAO, 2016, Nguyen, et al.5 hectares of rice in VMRD was suffered damage by drought and saline intrusion (VDMA, 2020). Currently, in the world, more than 100 drought indices have been formed and developed (Zargar et al. However, depending on the climate region, researchers use different drought indicators.
In Vietnam, literature on drought research has shown that the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is suitable for the variability of drought in the VMRD in particular and the Southern region in general (Nguyen, 2005). For example, Nguyen (2016) and UNCT (2020) have studied the history of drought and salinity intrusion in the Mekong Delta (Nguyen, 2016; UNCT, 2020). Another example, Tue et al (2015) investigated drought over the Central Highland using the SPI for period 1990-2005.