i Developments and innovation in carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage technology © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 ii Related titles: Advanced power plant materials, design and technology (ISBN 978-1-84569-515-6) Fossil-fuel power plants generate the majority of the world’s power, but many plants are ageing and cannot meet rising global energy demands and increasingly stringent emissions criteria. To ensure security and economy of supply, utilities are building a new generation of advanced power plant with increased output and environmental performance. This book initially reviews improved plant designs for efficiency and fuel flexibility, including combined- cycle technology and utilisation of lower-grade feedstocks. Coverage extends to advanced material and component use, and the incorporation of alternative energy conversion technology, such as hydrogen production.
Environmental and emissions performance issues round off the book. Oxy-fuel combustion for power generation and carbon dioxide (CO2) capture (ISBN: 978-1-84569-671-9) Oxy-fuel combustion is a power generation and carbon dioxide (CO2) capture option for advanced power plant in which fuel is burnt in an oxygen-rich environment instead of in air. This allows for a reduction in NOx and SOx emissions as well as producing a high-purity carbon dioxide (CO2) flue gas stream. This high-purity CO2 stream allows for more efficient and economical capture, processing and sequestration.
This book critically reviews the fundamental principles, processes and technology of oxy-fuel combustion, including advanced concepts for its implementation. Details of these and other Woodhead Publishing books can be obtained by: visiting our web site at www.com contacting Customer Services (e-mail: sales@woodheadpublishing.com; fax: +44 (0) 1223 893694; tel. 130; address: Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AH, UK) If you would like to receive information on forthcoming titles, please send your address details to: Francis Dodds (address, tel. and fax as above; e-mail: francis.
Please confirm which subject areas you are interested in. © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 iii Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 16 Developments and innovation in carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage technology Volume 2: Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage and utilisation Edited by M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer CRC Press Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC Woodhead publishing limited Oxford Cambridge New Delhi © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 iv Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AH, UK www.com Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi – 110002, India www.com Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA First published 2010, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 The authors have asserted their moral rights. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources.
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-797-6 (book) Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-958-1 (e-book) CRC Press ISBN 978-1-4398-3101-4 CRC Press order number: N10186 The publishers’ policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp which is processed using acid- free and elemental chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publishers ensure that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. Cover image © BCS Creative, 88–90 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham NG1 4EE, UK, www.uk Typeset by Replika Press Pvt Ltd, India Printed by TJ International Limited, Padstow, Cornwall, UK © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 v Contents Contributor contact details xiii Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy xvii Foreword by Lord Oxburgh xix 1 Overview of carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage technology 1 S.
Mercedes Maroto-Valer, University of Nottingham, UK 1.2 Greenhouse gas emissions and global climate change 2 1.3 Carbon management and stabilisation routes 8 1.4 Development and innovation in carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and transport technology 11 1.5 Development and innovation in carbon dioxide (CO2) storage and utilisation technology 17 1.7 Sources of further information and advice 20 1.9 References 22 Part I Geological sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) 2 Screening and selection criteria, and characterisation techniques for the geological sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) 27 S. Bachu, Alberta Innovates – Technology Futures, Canada 2.2 Screening for storage suitability and site selection 28 2.3 Site characterisation 43 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 vi Contents 2.4 Estimation of carbon dioxide (CO2) storage capacity 47 2.6 Sources of further information and advice 52 2.7 References 53 3 Carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in deep saline aquifers and formations 57 R. Thomas, US Geological Survey, USA 3.4 Modeling of carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration 74 3.5 Carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration pilot sites 80 3.9 References 88 4 Carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in oil and gas reservoirs and use for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) 104 B. Kovscek, Stanford University, USA 4.2 Carbon dioxide (CO2) enhanced recovery mechanisms 109 4.3 Co-optimization of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and carbon storage 116 4.4 Future trends: geologic storage in tight rocks 118 4.5 Summary and conclusions 122 4.6 Sources of further information and advice 123 4.7 References 124 5 Carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in unmineable coal seams and use for enhanced coalbed methane recovery (ECBM) 127 M.
Mazzotti and Ronny Pini, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, G. Storti, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, and L. Burlini, ETH Zurich, Switzerland 5.2 Storage in unmineable coal seams 128 5.3 Enhanced coalbed methane recovery 129 5.5 Swelling and permeability 139 5.6 Mass transfer and enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) modeling 148 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 Contents vii 5.9 Sources of further information and advice 158 5.10 References 159 Part II Maximising and verifying carbon dioxide (CO2) storage in underground reservoirs 6 Carbon dioxide (CO2) injection design to maximise underground reservoir storage and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) 169 R. Blunt, Imperial College London, UK 6.1 Carbon storage in geological formations 169 6.2 Experiments of capillary trapping 172 6.3 Field-scale design of storage in aquifers 175 6.4 Storage in oilfields 179 6.5 Discussion and conclusions 180 6.7 Sources of further information and advice 181 6.9 References 182 7 Capillary seals for trapping carbon dioxide (CO2) in underground reservoirs 185 T.
Meckel, The University of Texas at Austin, USA 7.2 Calculations of anticipated capillary pressures and seal capacities 188 7.3 Monte Carlo predictions of capillary pressure within a reservoir seal 193 7.7 Sources of further information and advice 199 7.9 References 200 8 Measurement and monitoring technologies for verification of carbon dioxide (CO2) storage in underground reservoirs 203 R. Chadwick, British Geological Survey, UK 8.1 Introduction 203 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 viii Contents 8.2 Background to storage site monitoring 204 8.3 Detection and measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the subsurface 207 8.4 Detection and measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) leakage to surface 225 8.5 Conclusions and future trends 233 8.6 Sources of further information and advice 235 8.7 References 235 9 Mathematical modeling of the long-term safety of carbon dioxide (CO2) storage in underground reservoirs 240 K. Zhou, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, USA 9.2 Coupled processes: a challenge for mathematical models 243 9.3 Ilustrative modeling applications 244 9.6 References 261 Part III Terrestrial and ocean sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and environmental impacts 10 Terrestrial sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) 271 R. Lal, The Ohio State University, USA 10.2 The terrestrial pool and its role in the global carbon cycle 273 10.3 Emissions from agricultural versus other activities 276 10.4 Basic principles of carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems 279 10.5 Potential of terrestrial sequestration 290 10.6 Challenges of terrestrial sequestration 291 10.8 Soil and terrestrial carbon as indicators of climate change 296 10.10 References 298 11 Ocean sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) 304 D.
Pennell, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA 11.2 History of carbon dioxide (CO2) deep ocean storage proposals 305 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 Contents ix 11.3 Legal constraints of deep ocean storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) 307 11.4 Sources of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) for ocean storage 308 11.6 Properties of carbon dioxide (CO2) 311 11.7 Modeling of carbon dioxide (CO2) release 312 11.8 Injection of carbon dioxide, water and pulverized limestone (CO2/H2O/CaCO3) emulsion 313 11.11 Sources of further information and advice 320 11.12 References 321 12 Environmental risks and impacts of carbon dioxide (CO2) leakage in terrestrial ecosystems 324 M. Colls, University of Nottingham, UK 12.3 Impacts of terrestrial leakage 327 12.4 Atmospheric enrichment of carbon dioxide (CO2) 332 12.5 Leak monitoring techniques 334 12.6 Conclusions and future trends 336 12.7 Sources of further information and advice 338 12.8 References 338 13 Environmental risks and performance assessment of carbon dioxide (CO2) leakage in marine ecosystems 344 J. Lowe, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK, and B. Chen, Heriot Watt University, UK 13.2 The physical and chemical behaviour of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the marine system 346 13.3 Marine ecosystem impacts of carbon dioxide (CO2) leakage 358 13.4 Leak monitoring options 365 13.5 Mitigation of leaks 366 13.7 Sources of further information and advice 367 13.8 References 368 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 x Contents Part IV Advanced concepts for carbon dioxide (CO2) storage and utilisation 14 Industrial utilization of carbon dioxide (CO2) 377 M.
Dibenedetto, University of Bari, Italy 14.2 The conditions for using carbon dioxide (CO2) 378 14.3 The carbon dioxide (CO2) sources and its value 380 14.4 Technological uses of carbon dioxide (CO2) 381 14.5 Biological enhanced utilization 384 14.6 Carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion as ‘storage’ of excess electric energy or intermittent energies 391 14.7 Production of chemicals 398 14.8 Conclusions and future trends 404 14.9 Sources of further information and advice 405 14.10 References 405 15 Biofixation of carbon dioxide (CO2) by microorganisms 411 B. Lan, University of Ottawa, Canada 15.2 Basic principles and methods 412 15.3 Carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation microorganisms: chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs 414 15.4 Carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation by microalgae 418 15.5 Advantages and limitations 426 15.7 References 428 16 Mineralisation of carbon dioxide (CO2) 433 R. Fagerlund, Åbo Akademi University, Finland 16.2 Basic principles and methods 435 16.3 Technologies and potential applications 438 16.6 Sources of further information and advice 452 16.7 References 453 Appendix: Energy efficiency of mineral carbonation processes 460 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 Contents xi 17 Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) 463 Jeffrey C. Wu, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan 17.2 Fundamentals of photocatalysis 465 17.3 Renewable energy from photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) 470 17.4 Advantages and limitations of photocatalytic processes 495 17.6 Sources of further information and advice 497 17.7 References 497 Index 503 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010 xii xiii Contributor contact details (* = main contact) Chapter 1 Chapter 3 Dr Steve Bouzalakos and Professor Robert J.
Rosenbauer* and Burt M.