MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY HUỲNH HÀ MI THE QUALITY OF GOOGLE TRANSLATE’S TRANSLATIONS OF METAPHORS IN “KAFKA ON THE SHORE” BY MURAKAMI HARUKI Field: English Linguistics Code: 8.01 Supervisor: LÊ NHÂN THÀNH, Ph. BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN HUỲNH HÀ MI ĐÁNH GIÁ CHẤT LƢỢNG DỊCH ANH-VIỆT CỦA GOOGLE TRANSLATE KHI DỊCH CÁC PHÉP ẨN DỤ TRONG TÁC PHẨM “KAFKA TRÊN BỜ BIỂN” CỦA MURAKAMI HARUKI Ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 8.01 Ngƣời hƣớng dẫn: TS. LÊ NHÂN THÀNH i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP This thesis represents my own work and due acknowledgement is given whenever information is derived from other sources. No part of this thesis has or is being concurrently submitted for any other qualification at any university except where due reference has been made in the text.
Quy Nhon, 2020 HUỲNH HÀ MI ii ACKNOWLEGEMENTS It is utterly impossible to complete this study without the support from many individuals around me. First and foremost, I own a substantial debt of gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Le Nhan Thanh, who is always willing to offer advice and encouragement during my course of conducting the study regardless of being overwhelmed with his heavy academic workload and personal life. Secondly, I would like to show my strong indebtedness to all the lecturers of Foreign Languages Department in Quy Nhon University. Honestly speaking, they do not only instruct me academically to sharpen my language skills but are also of great inspiration for my orientation of ethical manner and professional development.
Last but not least, it is my family and friends that I profoundly appreciate and am indebted for their unconditional love as well as encouragement. Their spiritual support keeps me positive and committed to my conduction of thesis. Binh Dinh, August, 2020 iii ABSTRACT This thesis was conducted to investigate the quality of Google Translate when translating English metaphors into Vietnamese. The data was extracted from the novel Kafka on the Shore by Murakami Haruki.
The metaphors in the novel were identified based on the theory put forward by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the occurrences of translation errors were found using the framework of Nord (1997). The results after analyzing the number and frequency of translation errors for each metaphor type helped to assess the translation quality of Google Translate when dealing with metaphors. It was noted that all the three types of metaphors were present in the novel. Among these metaphors, ontological metaphor was the dominant type.
Regarding the translation errors, there were only three out of four types categorized by Nord (1997) found in the novel. They were pragmatic translation errors, linguistic translation errors and text-specific translation errors. Cultural translation errors were absent in the source text. The data collected showed that Google Translate seemed to be reliable source to refer to when rendering the metaphorical meanings of the source text since approximately half of the metaphors’ translations of done by Google Translate were correct.
The results of the study also showed that Google Translate handled orientational metaphors better than other metaphor types. However, the occurrence of translation errors was not trivial. The most challenging element was pragmatic errors followed by linguistic errors and text-specific errors. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP.
iii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iv LIST OF TABLES. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATION. AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY. ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS. Definition of metaphors.
Traditional approach to metaphors. Cognitive approach to metaphors. Classification of metaphors. Definition of translation.
Different theories of translation equivalence. TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT. Definition of translation errors. Classification of translation errors.
Introduction to machine translation. PREVIOUS STUDIES ON GOOGLE TRANSLATE. RESEARCH FINGDINGS AND DISCUSSION. TYPES OF METAPHORS.
Pragmatic translation errors. Linguistic translation errors. Text-specific translation errors. Cultural translation errors.
Quality of Google Translate in translating metaphors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS. IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY.
Implication for teachers and students. Implication for translators. Implication for researchers .3 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY. 64 ANNEX: TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF METAPHORS vi LIST OF TABLES Table Names of tables Table page number Table 3.1 Metaphor samples 35 Table 3.2 Metaphor and translation error samples 37 Table 3.3 The number and frequency of translation errors made 38 by Google Translate Table 4.1 The number and frequency of metaphors 40 Table 4.2 Translation errors of Google Translate 45 Table 4.3 Rates of translation errors and correct translations 52 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATION B.C: before Christ etc.: et cetera GT: Google Translate MT: machine translation p.: pages SL: source language ST: source text TL: target language TQA: translation quality assessment TT: target text 1 CHAPTER 1.
RATIONALE As the world has increasingly globalized in the past few decades, the need for reading literary works in English among Vietnamese people has risen as well. However, in the process of reading, readers might encounter some challenges related to figurative languages, one of which is the translation of metaphors. Generally, literary works such as novels are usually featured with figurative languages in order to give special effects on readers. Through reading novels, they will get unlimited imagination, pleasure, and enjoyment.
233) states ―the literary writer uses metaphor to go beyond and extend our ordinary linguistic and/or conceptual resources and to provide novels insights and perspectives into human experiences‖. That is to say, by using metaphors, the writers invite readers to read between the lines instead of clinging only to the literal meanings. Interesting as it might seem, metaphors can be problematic for translators since they are closely related to the source language culture and requires translators to keep not only the meanings but also the aesthetic values of the story in the novel. Besides, they compare one thing to another in a more indirect and subtle manner in which the sign of comparison is not clear as that in simile since metaphors do not use signal words such as like, as, and as though.
In an attempt to partly bridge this gap, an obvious tool which has been created to help accommodate the urgent need for instant translation of metaphors within a short timeframe is using online machine translation. Among those available on the market, Google Translate is one of the most prominent ones that came out in 2006. However, there has been considerable concern about the quality of Google Translate’s translations as machine translation is known to experience certain problems among which translating metaphors is a significant one. This is mainly 2 because the interpretation of metaphorical expressions is strongly culturally conditioned.
Therefore, its replacement when translating by a literal equivalent expression in the target language does not seem to be sufficient to be trusted blindly. Taking this into account, this study seeks to examine to what extent Google Translate can be a help or a hindrance in the translation process. This research is inspired by some thesis and articles that the author has consulted, one of which is the study ―Translation of metaphors and idioms – Mission impossible?‖. In this study, the findings revealed that although the students’ linguistic competence was relatively advanced, their intercultural competence was still in need of improvement.
Therefore, the author wants to conduct the study with machine translation to examine the extent to which the machine can handle metaphorical expressions. The novel Kafka on the Shore by Murakami Haruki contains various metaphors. It was translated into Vietnamese and published under the name Kafka bên bờ biển. Therefore, the researcher opted for this work due to the readiness of the professionally translated version for better and more convenient comparison.
The study is entitled The quality of Google Translate‟s translations of metaphors in “Kafka on the shore” by Murakami Haruki into Vietnamese with the main focus on the extent to which Google Translate may aid translators and readers in the process of interpreting the meanings of metaphors used in this literary work. AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The study was conducted in order to fulfill the following aim and objectives: 1. Aim The study aimed to examine the quality of Google Translate’s Vietnamese translations of the metaphors in Kafka on the shore by Murakami Haruki. Objectives To attain this aim, the following objectives had to be achieved: 3 to identify the metaphors in Kafka on the shore by Murakami Haruki.
to identify Google Translate’s translation errors of the metaphors in the extracted sentences from Kafka on the shore by Murakami Haruki. to examine the frequencies of Google Translate’s translation errors of different types of metaphors in Kafka on the shore by Murakami Haruki. RESEARCH QUESTIONS In order to achieve the above aim and objectives, the researcher collected data and analyzed them to answer the following questions: 1. What are the metaphors used in Kafka on the shore by Murakami Haruki? 2.
What are Google Translate’s translation errors of the metaphors in the extracted sentences from Kafka on the shore by Murakami Haruki? 3. What are the frequencies of Google Translate’s translation errors of different types of metaphors in Kafka on the shore by Murakami Haruki? 1. SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study examined the quality of Google Translate in translating metaphors collected from the novel Kafka on the shore by Murakami Haruki. Firstly, the researcher selected all the metaphors in this novel based on the theory put forward by Lakoff and Johnson (1980).
They fell into three types including structural metaphors, orientational metaphors, and ontological metaphors. However, it was not only the metaphors that were translated. Instead, the entire sentences containing the identified metaphors were processed by Google Translate. The researcher selectively picked up the translation errors made by Google Translate.
Specifically, only the translation of metaphors was focused on but not the whole translated sentences. The obtained data were analyzed using Nord (1997) framework to highlight errors made by machine translation in order to explore the error patterns when using Google Translate. The errors classified into four groups including pragmatic translation errors, cultural translation errors, linguistics translation errors, and text-specific translation errors. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study has both practical and theoretical significance.
For theoretical aspect, the research helps to identify the presence and frequency of different metaphor types used in the novel Kafka on the shore by Murakami Haruki. It also provides some insights into the quality of Google Translate’s translation of metaphors by highlighting various translation errors that this tool may commit. For practical aspect, the thesis helps students, teachers, and translators get a comprehensive overview of errors made by Google Translate when dealing with metaphors so that they can notice them and have better use of this tool in interpreting the metaphorical meanings. As Google Translate is a product using artificial intelligence for translation that has long been debated for quality assurance, the translations of metaphors is not expected to be perfect.
However, this research might help readers aware of the errors this tool usually commits in order to partly avoid confusion and misinterpretation. ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS The study will be constructed with 5 chapters. Chapter 1 presents the introduction into the investigation which consists of the rationale providing the justification of the author for choosing the topic, the aim, research questions, scope, and the methods used in the study. Chapter 2 deals with the literature review to offer some insight into the theoretical base of translation, machine translation, translation errors, and metaphors.
Chapter 3 is served to unfold the data collection procedures and the methods adopted in the study. Findings and discussion will be presented in chapter 4 with the results of the investigation in an attempt to analyze the collected data discuss the outcomes, while chapter 5 entails the conclusion and implication to summarize the main findings and put forward some pedagogical and practical implications in using Google Translate to translate metaphors.