VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES --------------±±±--------------- EXISTENTIAL SENTENCES IN ENGLISH AND IN VIETNAMESE A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (TESOL) Submitted by HOÀ THÒ NGUYEÄT THANH Supervisor TOÂ MINH THANH, Ph.D Ho Chi Minh City, 10-2006 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I certify that MY AUTHORSHIP OF THE Master’s Thesis submitted today entitled EXISTENTIAL SENTENCES IN ENGLISH AND IN VIETNAMESE in terms of the statements requirements for thesis in Master’s Programs issued by the Higher Degree Committee. Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Thi Nguyet Thanh i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Toâ Minh Thanh. Her enormously helpful advice, enlightening guidance and encouragement, which has been precious and generous, is indispensable for the accomplishment of this study.
I would like to offer my special thanks to Dr. Dieäp Quang Ban, the author of the Vietnamese existential sentence, for his detail explanation of the existential sentence in Vietnamese. Finally, I am greatly indebted to my husband’s understanding, support and deep love. ii TABLE OF CONTENT Certificate of originality.ii Table of contents .iii List of figures and tables.
iv List of abbreviations and symbols. vi Retention and use of the thesis.1 REASON OF THE STUDY .1 RESEARCH ON THE ENGLISH EXISTENTIAL SENTENCE .1 With BE as the existential verb .2 With an existential verb other than BE.2 RESEARCH ON THE VIETNAMESE EXISTENTIAL SENTENCE.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND LIMITATION.4 METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES OF MATERIAL.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY. 14 Chapter 1: THE ENGLISH EXISTENTIAL SENTENCE. 36 Chapter 2: THE VIETNAMESE EXISTENTIAL SENTENCE.
57 Chapter 3: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE ENGLISH EXISTENTIAL SENTENCE AND THE VIETNAMESE ONE.1 Similarities between the English existential sentence and the Vietnamese one .2 Differences between the English existential sentence and the Vietnamese one. 72 Chapter 4: TEACHING IMPLICATION .1 From English into Vietnamese .2 The existential verb.3 The noun phrase .4 The existential there.2 From Vietnamese into English .2 The existential verb.3 The noun phrase .4 Other related phenomenon. 94 SOURCE OF ILLUSTRATION. 154 iii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1: Distribution of selected complex verb constructions with BE in the English existential sentence — Occurrences per million words.
17 Figure 2: Head of the NP found in 965 English existential sentences collected. 24 Figure 3: The [±definite] NP as found in 965 English existential sentences collected. 27 Figure 4: BE and existential verbs other than BE as found in 965 English existential sentences collected. 36 Figure 5: Percentage of verbs found in 965 English existential sentences of various types.
37 Figure 6: Various types of the English existential sentence. 38 Figure 7: COÙ and existential verbs other than COÙ found in 605 Vietnamese existential sentences collected. 44 Figure 8: Head of the NP as found in 605 Vietnamese existential sentences collected. 47 Figure 9: The [±definite] NP as found in 605 Vietnamese existential sentences collected.
51 Figure 10: Verb percentage found in 605 Vietnamese existential sentences of various types. 57 Figure 11: Various types of theVietnamese existential sentence. 58 Figure 12: Head of the NP in the English sentence and its equivalent in Vietnamese one. 63 Figure 13: Frames of English and Vietnamese existential sentences.
71 Table 1: The typical existential verb in the English existential sentence and its equivalent in the Vietnamese existential sentence. 60 Table 2: English existential verbs other than BE and Vietnamese existential verbs other than COÙ. 60 Table 3: Position of adverbials in the English existential sentence and their equivalents in the Vietnamese one. 64 Table 4: Frames of the existential sentences shared by English and Vietnamese.
65 Table 5: The removable adverbial shared by the English existential sentence and the Vietnamese one. 65 Table 6: The optional or obligatory adverbial of manner after the existential verb 68 iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SV Subject + Verb SVA Subject + Verb + Adverbial SVC Subject + Verb + Complement SVOO Subject +Verb + Object + Object SVOC Subject +Verb + Object + Complement SVOA Subject +Verb + Object + Adverbial SV pass Subject + passive Verb SV pass C Subject + passive Verb + Complement C Complement Adverbial Adverbial of place, direction or time pass passive fict fiction conv conversation ACAD academic def definite indef indefinite NP noun phrase VP verb phrase LIST OF SYMBOLS * unacceptable ~ equivalent ? questionable / or v CONVENTIONS QUOTING The name of the author, his quoted work’s year of publishing, and the page number of the direct quotation are presented in size 12, being placed in square brackets just behind or in front of the quoted material. “The notional subject is typically an indefinite noun phrase with a noun or an indefinite pronoun as head.” [Biber et al, 1999: 946] The name of the newspaper or magazine is placed in square brackets behind the illustrated examples if the authors of those examples are unknown. There WAS a bartender there.
MARKING For the purpose of a clear presentation, a number of words are underlined, CAPITALIZED, or presented in different fonts and sizes. -The adverbial is underlined and presented in Vni-Tekon and in size 13; -The existential verb is capitalized and presented in Vni-Times and in size 11; -The existential there is presented in Comic Sans MS and in size 11; -The pre-nominal modifier is presented in Vni-Times, in bold, and in size 11; -The post-nominal modifiers is underlined and presented in Vni-Times, in bold, and in size 11; -The head of the NP is presented in Vni-Times, in bold, and in size 12. Behind the fire STOOD a small short man with his hand behind him. [James] There IS a book on the table.
[Lado] Keà khoeù beáp COù moät boà maïc cöa. [Phan Boäi Chaâu] NUMBERING Illustrated examples are numbered continuously from Introduction to Chapter 2. For the convenience of comparison and contrast, the examples employed in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 count separately, both beginning with number 1. Figures are numbered continuously throughout the thesis.
vi RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that I, Hoà thò Nguyeät Thanh, being the candidate for the degree of Master of Arts (TESOL), accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master’s Theses deposited in the University Library. I agree that the original of my Master’s Thesis deposited in the University Library should be accessible for the purposes study and research in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Library for the care, loan and reproduction for theses. Ho Chi Minh City, Signature………………. Hoà thò Nguyeät Thanh vii 1 INTRODUCTION 0.1 REASON OF THE STUDY Any language has its own way(s) to express the existence of somebody or something in a certain place.
In other words, existential structure is universal. This thesis aims at studying the existential sentence in English and in Vietnamese c to find out the differences and similarities between the two languages in question as far as their existential sentences are concerned, d to suggest some effective ways to translate the English existential sentence into Vietnamese and vice versa.1 RESEARCH ON THE ENGLISH EXISTENTIAL SENTENCE In English an initial there is used to introduce the existence of an entity [Athol: 2003; Irene: 1995]. We use there when we talk about something for the first time to say that it exists [Murphy, 2001; Alexander, 1992; Kay, 1999; EastWood, 1994; Downing and Locke, 1992; Biber et al, 1999; Hewing, 1999]. Berk [1999: 158- 160] gives the usage of the existential sentence: When English speakers want to point something out or introduce something new into the discourse, they often exploit a special construction called existential there.
Linguists call there by various names. A group of authors including Biber [1999: 943], Berk [1999: 158], and Quirk et al [1995: 1403] name there the existential. Berk [1999: 158] also considers there the expletive and Quirk et al [1999: 1408] also regard there as a dummy element. To Leach and Swartvik [1994: 286-287], there is the introductory.
Since there is used to fill the subject slot, it is also called the filler by Jacobs [1995: 179]. Despite its different names, the existential there is consistently used in this M.A thesis as one of the constituents of the English existential sentence. 2 The existential there / / is unstressed and is normally pronounced as an English weak form [Eastwood, 1994; Thompson, 1987; Kay, 1999; Biber et al, 1999; Hewing, 1999].1 With BE as the existential verb Swan [1989], Thompson and Martinet [1987], Kay [1995], Alexander [1992], Hewings [1999], Azar [1989], Rado and Fries [1996] and Murphy [2001] agree to some extent with the following definition of the existential sentence given by Swan [1989: 260]: When we tell people that something exists (or does not exist) we usually begin the sentence with there IS, there ARE, etc. and put the subject after the verb.
The verb BE in the above definition may mean EXIST, HAPPEN, or TAKE PLACE [Thompson and Martinet, 1987: 119] and can combine with another verb such as APPEAR or SEEM [Kay, 1995: 216]. (1) There‘S a new restaurant in King street. [Murphy] (2) There APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN an accident. [Eastwood] (3) There SEEM TO BE no poisonous snakes around here.
[Leach and Swartvik] Hewings [1999: 230] adds: When we introduce a new person or thing into what we are saying— to say that this person or thing exists, happens or is to be found in a particular place, we can use a sentence beginning with there+BE. There introduces topic verbally expressed by an indefinite noun (phrase) following the two-item sequence there+BE [Hewings, 1999: 230; Thompson and Martinet, 1987: 119]. The existential verb BE agrees in number with its following noun (phrase) [Kay, 1995: 216]. (4) There ARE some books on the table.
[Lado and Fries] In addition, Azar [1989: 221] indicates that in informal English, a singular verb is used after there when the first of the two subjects connected by and is in the singular. 3 (5) Formal: There ARE a book and a pen on the desk. Informal: There IS a book and a pen on the desk. [Azar] Quirk et al [1995:1403-1411] discover that the English sentence following one of the seven patterns can be converted into the existential sentence beginning with there+BE: 1.
Type SVC (6) Something must be wrong ~ There MUST BE something wrong. Type SVA (7) Was anyone in the vicinity? ~ WAS there anyone in the vicinity? 3. Type SV (8) No one was waiting. ~There WAS no one waiting.
Type SVO (9) Plenty of people are getting promotion. ~There ARE plenty of people getting promotion. Type SVOC (10) Two bulldozers have been knocking the place fiat. ~ There HAVE BEEN two bulldozers knocking the place fiat.
Type SVOA (11) A girl is putting the kettle on. ~ There ‘S a girl putting the kettle on. Type SVOO (12) Something is causing my friend distress. ~There IS something causing my friend distress.
The two following types of passive sentence patterns can also be converted into the existential sentence: 8. Type SV pass (13) A whole has been stolen. ~ There HAS BEEN a whole box stolen. Type SV pass C (14) No shops will be left open.
~ There ‘LL BE no shop left open. 4 In summary, this group of authors study the existential sentence with the appearance of the existential verb BE, the existential there and an indefinite noun phrase. Although these authors describe the existence of somebody/something in a particular place, they do not pay attention to the adverbial of place/space initially placed in the existential sentence. (15) Once there WAS a man named Sium.
[West] (16) In the street WAS the babble of many voices.