Tai Lieu Chat Luong Essentials of I n t e r n at i o n a l R e l at i o n s seventh edition Essentials of I n t e r n at i o n a l R e l at i o n s seventh edition Karen A. Mingst University of Kentucky I va n M. NORTON & COMPANY NEW YORK • LONDON ESSIR7_CH00_i-xxviii_11P. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D.
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| Arreguín-Toft, Ivan M. Title: Essentials of international relations / Karen A. Mingst, University of Kentucky, Ivan M. Arreguín-Toft, Boston University.
Description: Seventh edition. Norton & Company, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016013756 | ISBN 9780393283402 (pbk.) Subjects: LCSH: International relations. Classification: LCC JZ1305 .M56 2016 | DDC 327—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.
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Norton & Company Ltd., C astle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Contents Figures, Tables, and Maps xiii About the Authors xv Preface xvii 01 Approaches to International Relations 2 Thinking Theoretically 5 Developing the Answers 6 History 6 Philosophy 9 The Scientific Method: Behavioralism 11 Is the World Becoming More Peaceful? 14 Alternative Approaches 16 In Sum: Making Sense of International Relations 17 02 The Historical Context of Contemporary International Relations 20 The Emergence of the Westphalian System 23 Europe in the Nineteenth Century 26 The Aftermath of Revolution: Core Principles 26 The Napoleonic Wars 26 Peace at the Core of the European System 28 Imperialism and Colonialism in the European System before 1870 30 Balance of Power 35 The Breakdown: Solidification of Alliances 36 The Interwar Years and World War II 38 World War II 41 v vi contents The Cold War 44 Origins of the Cold War 45 The Cold War as a Series of Confrontations 48 The Cold War in Asia and Latin America 51 Was the Cold War Really Cold? 54 The Immediate Post–Cold War Era 56 xplaining the End of the Cold War: A View From E the Former Soviet Union 58 The New Millennium: The First Two Decades 60 Why Can’t a Powerful State like Japan Use Armed Force Abroad? 64 In Sum: Learning from History 67 03 International Relations Theories 70 Thinking Theoretically 72 Theory and the Levels of Analysis 74 Realism (and Neorealism) 76 The Roots of Realism 77 Realism in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries 78 Liberalism and Neoliberal Institutionalism 83 The Roots of Liberalism 83 Neoliberal Institutionalism 85 Liberalism Today 87 The Radical Perspective 89 Social Constructivism 92 Feminist Critiques of IR Theory 95 Theory in Action: Analyzing the 2003 Iraq War 97 Realist Perspectives 97 The Effectiveness of Female Marines in Combat: A Fair Test? 98 contents vii Liberal Perspectives 100 Radical Perspectives 101 Canadian Views of Foreign Military Intervention: Afghanistan and Beyond 102 Constructivist Perspectives 104 In Sum: Seeing the World through Theoretical Lenses 104 04 The International System 106 Contending Perspectives on the International System 109 The International System According to Realists 109 Realists and International System Change 114 The International System According to Liberals 116 Liberals and International System Change 117 The International System According to Radicals 118 Russia, Syria, and the International System 120 The International System According to Constructivists 123 Advantages and Disadvantages of the International System as a Level of Analysis 124 The International System: A View from China 126 In Sum: From the International System to the State 130 05 The State 132 The State and the Nation 134 Contending Conceptualizations of the State 138 The Realist View of the State 139 Seeking Palestinian Statehood 140 The Liberal View of the State 142 The Radical View of the State 143 The Constructivist View of the State 144 The Nature of State Power 145 viii contents Natural Sources of Power 146 Tangible Sources of Power 148 Intangible Sources of Power 148 The Exercise of State Power 151 The Art of Diplomacy 151 India: A View from a Rising State 152 Economic Statecraft 156 The Use of Force 159 Democracy, Autocracy, and Foreign Policy 161 Models of Foreign Policy Decision Making 162 The Rational Model: The Realist Approach 163 The Bureaucratic/Organizational Model and the Pluralist Model: The Liberal Approaches 165 An Elite Model: A Radical Alternative 167 A Constructivist Alternative 167 Challenges to the State 169 Globalization 170 Transnational Religious and Ideological Movements 170 Ethnonational Movements 173 Transnational Crime 176 Fragile States 176 In Sum: The State and Challenges Beyond 177 06 The Individual 180 Foreign Policy Elites: Individuals Who Matter 182 The Impact of Elites: External Conditions 184 The Impact of Elites: Personality and Personal Interests 186 Individual Decision Making 189 The Pope: A View from the Vatican 190 Information-Processing Mechanisms 192 Vladimir Putin: The Individual and His Policies 194 Private Individuals 197 contents ix Track-Two Diplomacy Use of Individuals 199 Mass Publics 200 Elites and Masses: Common Traits 201 The Impact of Public Opinion on Elites 202 Mass Actions and the Role of Elites 203 In Sum: Contending Perspectives on the Impact of Individuals 205 07 Intergovernmental Organizations, International Law, and Nongovernmental Organizations 208 Intergovernmental Organizations 210 The Creation of IGOs 210 The Roles of IGOs 213 The United Nations 214 The European Union—Organizing Regionally 228 Who Governs the Arctic? 230 Other Regional Organizations: The OAS, the AU, and the League of Arab States 238 International Law 240 International Law and Its Functions 240 The Sources of International Law 241 Compliance and Enforcement of International Law 244 Nongovernmental Organizations 246 The Growth of NGO Power and Influence 246 Functions and Roles of NGOs 247 NGOS: A View from Kenya 250 The Power of NGOs 252 The Limits of NGOs 253 Analyzing IGOs, International Law, and NGOs 254 The Realist View 254 The Radical View 255 The Constructivist View 257 x contents In Sum: Do IGOs, International Law, and NGOs Make a Difference? 258 08 War and Strife 260 What Is War? 263 Categorizing Wars 264 The Causes of War 270 The Individual: Realist and Liberal Interpretations 271 State and Society: Liberal and Radical Explanations 272 The International System: Realist and Radical Interpretations 275 How Wars Are Fought 277 Conventional War 277 Weapons of Mass Destruction 278 Unconventional Warfare 281 Terrorism 284 The Just War Tradition 291 The Debate over Humanitarian Intervention 293 The Difficult Trade-offs of Drone Warfare 294 Contending Perspectives on Managing Insecurity 297 Realist Approaches: Balance of Power and Deterrence 297 Conflict in Ukraine, 2014: A View from Russia 298 Liberal Approaches: Collective Security and Arms Control/ Disarmament 305 NATO: Managing Insecurity in a Changing Environment 310 In Sum: A Changing View of International Security 312 09 International Political Economy 316 The Historical Evolution of the International Economy: Clashing Practices and Ideas 318 Post–World War II Economic Institutions 320 contents xi How the Globalized Economy Works Today 324 International Finance 324 International Trade 327 Economic Regionalization 332 Economic Challenges in the Twenty-First Century 339 International Development 339 Crises of Economic Globalization 345 The Eurozone Crisis: A View from Greece 350 Critics of International Economic Liberalism and Economic Globalization 353 The Nicaraguan Canal: Good Economics, Bad Politics? 354 10 Human Rights 360 Religious, Philosophical, and Historical Foundations 363 Human Rights as Emerging International Responsibility 366 States as Protectors of Human Rights 367 States as Abusers of Human Rights 371 The Role of the International Community—IGOs and NGOs 372 IGOs in Action 372 NGOs’ Unique Roles 373 Evaluating the Efforts of the International Community 375 Specific Human Rights Issues 377 The Problem of Genocide and Mass Atrocities 377 Women’s Rights as Human Rights: The Globalization of Women’s Rights 382 The Victims of War 386 Refugees and IDPs: A Human Rights and Humanitarian Crisis 388 Refugees: A View from SouthEast Asia 390 Contending Perspectives on Responding to Human Rights Abuses 392 xii contents 11 Transnational Issues: The Environment, Global Health, and Crime 396 The Environment—Protecting the Global Commons 398 Conceptual Perspectives 399 Pollution and Climate Change 401 The Human Cost of Climate Change 406 Natural Resource Issues 408 Population Issues 409 Environmental NGOs in Action 414 A Theoretical Take 415 Health and Communicable Disease—Protecting Life in the Global Commons 418 Ebola and HIV/AIDS as Transnational Issues 420 A Theoretical Take 424 Transnational Crime 426 Narcotrafficking 426 Cyber Crime or Netcrime 427 A Theoretical Take 429 Cyber Security: A View from the United Kingdom 430 The Impact of Transnational Issues 433 Transnational Issues from Different Theoretical Perspectives 436 Will Transnational Issues Lead to Global Governance? 437 In Sum: Changing You 440 Notes A1 Glossary A17 Credits A27 Index A29 Figures, Tables, and Maps FIGURES Figure 3.1 Levels of Analysis in International Relations 75 Figure 4.1 Polarity in the International System 110 Figure 4.2 Stratification of the International System 119 Figure 5.1 Ingredients of State Power Potential 148 Figure 5.2 The Rational Model of Decision Making 164 Figure 5.3 The Bureaucratic/Organizational and Pluralist Models of Decision Making 166 Figure 6.1 The Impact of Individual Elites 185 Figure 6.2 Personality Characteristics of Leaders 187 Figure 9.1 The International Economic Institutions 322 Figure 11.1 Adult HIV Prevalence Rate, 2014 421 TABLES Table 1.1 Contributions of Philosophers to International Relations Theory 11 Table 1.2 Tools for Studying International Relations 18 Table 2.1 Important Events of the Cold War 49 Table 5.1 Instruments of Economic Statecraft 157 Table 5.2 Challenges to State Power 169 Table 5.3 Ethnonational Challengers, Representative Cases 175 Table 6.1 Psychological Mechanisms Used to Process Information 196 Table 7.1 Principal Organs of the United Nations 217 Table 7.2 Traditional Peacekeeping Operations, Representative Cases 220 Table 7.3 Complex/Multidimensional Peacekeeping Operations, Representative Cases 222 Table 7.4 Representative International and Regional Organizations 228 Table 7.5 Significant Events in the Development of the European Union 234 xiii xiv Figures, Tables, and Maps Table 7.6 Principal Institutions of the European Union (2016) 235 Table 8.1 Causes of War by Level of Analysis 277 Table 8.2 Selected Terrorist Organizations 288 Table 8.3 Approaches to Managing Insecurity 300 Table 9.1 Human Development Index, 2015 340 Table 10.1 Selected UN Human Rights Conventions 368 Table 11.1 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region (Million Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide) 403 Table 11.2 Population of the World and Major Areas, 2015, 2030, 2050, and 2100, According to the Medium-Variant Projection (in Millions) 411 MAPS Africa xxi Asia xxii Europe xxiii North America xxiv Central and South America xxv The World xxvi–xxvii The Middle East xxviii Europe, c.